Hypertensive Heart Disease: A Narrative Review Series-Part 1: Pathophysiology and Microstructural Changes

Abstract

Sustained hypertension causes structural, functional, and neurohumoral abnormalities in the heart, a disease commonly termed hypertensive heart disease (HHD). Modern concepts of HHD, including processes of remodeling leading to the development of various LVH patterns, HF patterns accompanied by micro- and macrovasculopathies, and heart rhythm and conduction disturbances, are missing in the available definitions, despite copious studies being devoted to the roles of myocardial and vascular fibrosis, and neurohumoral and sympathetic regulation, in HHD development and progression. No comprehensive and generally accepted universal definition and classification of HHD is available to date, implementing diagnostic criteria that incorporate all the possible changes and adaptions to the heart. The aim of this review series is to summarize the relevant literature and data, leading to a proposal of a definition and classification of HHD. This first article reviews the processes of initial myocardial remodeling, and myocardial and vascular fibrosis, occurring in HHD. We discuss important pathophysiological and microstructural changes, the different patterns of fibrosis, and the biomarkers and imaging used to detect fibrosis in HHD. Furthermore, we review the possible methods of targeting myocardial fibrosis in HHD, and highlight areas for further research.

Keywords: anti-fibrotic therapies; circulating biomarkers; hypertensive heart disease; imaging; myocardial fibrosis; myocardial remodeling; vascular fibrosis.

Figure 1

Pathomorphological, pathophysiological, and clinical patterns of hypertensive heart disease. LV – left ventricle, LA – left atrium. Figure created with BioRender.com.