Dietary Protein Intake and Physical Function in Māori and Non-Māori Adults of Advanced Age in New Zealand: LiLACS NZ

Abstract

The population of older adults is growing exponentially. Research shows that current protein intake recommendations are unlikely to meet the ageing requirements and may be linked to reduced physical function. Ensuring optimal function levels is crucial for independence and quality of life in older age. This study aims to quantify the protein intake in those over 90 years of age and determine the association between historical protein intake (2011) and subsequent physical function at ten years follow-up (2021). Eighty-one participants (23 Māori and 54 non-Māori) undertook dietary assessment 24 h multiple-pass recall (MPR) and a standardised health and social questionnaire with physical assessment in 2011 and 2021. Intake24, a virtual 24 h MPR, was utilised to analyse dietary intake. Functional status was measured using the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale (NEADL), and physical performance was the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Māori men and women consumed less protein (g/day) in 2021 than in 2011 (P = 0.043 in men), but weight-adjusted protein intake in Māori participants over the ten years was not significantly reduced. Both non-Māori men and women consumed significantly less protein (g/day) between 2011 and 2021 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively), which was also significant when protein intake was adjusted for weight in non-Māori women (p = 0.01). Weight-adjusted protein intake in 2011 was independently associated with functional status (NEADL score) in 2021 (p =< 0.001). There was no association between past protein intake and SPPB score (p = 0.993). Animal protein was replaced with plant-based protein over time. In conclusion, a reduction in protein intake was seen in all participants. The independent association between past protein intake and future functional status supports recommendations to keep protein intake high in advanced age.

Keywords: indigenous; nonagenarians; older adults; physical performance; protein.

Figure 1

The proportion of animal and plant-based protein in 2011 and 2021 by ethnic groups.

Figure 2

Top ten food groups of dietary protein intake for Māori in 2011 and 2021. Notes: Classification of food groups were based on the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey NZ food groups. * Sweet biscuits (plain, chocolate coated, fruit filled, cream filled), crackers.

Figure 3

Top ten food groups of dietary protein intake for non-Māori in 2011 and 2021. Notes: Classification of food groups were based on the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey NZ food groups. * Sweet biscuits (plain, chocolate coated, fruit filled, cream filled), crackers.