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. 2023 Mar 24;28(7):2913.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28072913.

Multiple Fingerprint-Activity Relationship Assessment of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Based on Chemometric Methods

Jing Liu  1   2 , Jingsong Zhang  1 , Jie Feng  1 , Chuanhong Tang  1 , Mengqiu Yan  1 , Shuai Zhou  1 , Wanchao Chen  1 , Wenhan Wang  1 , Yanfang Liu  1
Affiliations

Multiple Fingerprint-Activity Relationship Assessment of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Based on Chemometric Methods

Jing Liu et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Polysaccharides with molecular weights ranging from 1.75 × 103 to 1.14 × 104 g/mol were obtained from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The multiple fingerprints and macrophage immunostimulatory activity of these fractions were analyzed as well as the fingerprint-activity relationship. The correlation analysis of molecular weight and immune activity demonstrated that polysaccharides with molecular weights of 4.27 × 103~5.27 × 103 and 1 × 104~1.14 × 104 g/mol were the main active fractions. Moreover, the results showed that galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were positively related to immunostimulatory activity. Additionally, partial least-squares regression and grey correlation degree analyses indicated that three peaks (P2, P3, P8) in the oligosaccharide fragment fingerprint significantly affected the immune activity of the polysaccharides. Hence, these ingredients associated with activity could be considered as markers to assess Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and their related products, and the study also provides a reference for research on the spectrum-effect relationship of polysaccharides in the future.

Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides; fingerprint–activity relationship; immune activity; regression analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectra of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Molecular weight distribution of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. HPSEC fingerprint (A), hierarchical cluster analysis of HPSEC fingerprint (B).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monosaccharide composition of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. HPAEC fingerprint (A), hierarchical cluster analysis of HPAEC fingerprint (B). 1: fucose, 2: arabinose, 3: glucosamine, 4: galactose, 5: glucose, 6: mannose, 7: glucuronic acid, R: standards profile.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Partial acid hydrolysates of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. PMP–HPLC fingerprint (A), hierarchical cluster analysis of PMP–HPLC fingerprint (B). R: standards profile.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of polysaccharide fractions on NO release (A) and TNF-α secretion (B) from RAW264.7 cells. ** indicates a significant difference between samples and negative control at p < 0.01.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The correlation analysis of the PMP–HPLC fingerprint and immune activity through partial least-squares regression model. (A) The scatter plot scores of principle components; (B) The regression model between experimental and predicted NO values. (C) The coefficients plot; (D) The variable importance plot.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The correlation analysis of the PMP–HPLC fingerprint and immune activity through partial least-squares regression model. (A) The scatter plot scores of principle components; (B) The regression model between experimental and predicted NO values. (C) The coefficients plot; (D) The variable importance plot.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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