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. 2023 Mar 24;28(7):2928.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28072928.

Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy

Yizheng Sun  1   2 , Xiaoyan Liu  2 , Xiaojie Fu  3 , Wei Xu  2 , Qingmei Guo  1 , Youbo Zhang  2
Affiliations

Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy

Yizheng Sun et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), the dried root and rhizome of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, is widely used in many fields as dietary supplements and medicine. To characterize the chemical constituents in P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, a UPLC-TOF-MS method was established for qualitative analysis. Four hundred and eight ginsenosides, including 81 new compounds, were characterized in P. ginseng from different regions. Among the detected compounds, 361 ginsenosides were recognized in P. ginseng cultivated in the region of Monsoon Climate of Medium Latitudes, possessing the largest amount of ginsenosides in all samples. Furthermore, 41 ginsenosides in 12 batches of P. ginsengs were quantified with a UPLC-MRM-MS method, and P. ginsengs from different regions were distinguished via chemometric analysis. This study showed that the different environments have a greater influence on P. ginseng, which laid a foundation for further quality control of the herb.

Keywords: P. ginseng; UPLC-MS/MS; ginsenosides; growth environment; metabolomics; multivariate statistical analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic structures of the 81 new ginsenosides.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The secondary mass spectra and the fragmentation process: (A) C33, (B) C42.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Multivariate statistical analysis of the P. ginseng samples. (A) OPLS-DA analysis of 4 groups of P. ginseng, (B) heat map analysis of P. ginseng, (C) The Venn diagram of 4 groups of P. ginseng, (D) Number of different types of ginsenosides in P. ginseng samples.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Base peak chromatogram profiles and distribution of various types of ginsenosides in P. ginseng samples.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Multivariate statistical analysis of the P. ginseng samples. (A) PCA analysis. (B) OPLS-DA analysis. (C) heatmap. (D) The total content of each type of saponin.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Geographic distribution of 4 groups of P. ginseng samples.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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