. 2023 Aug 22;77(4):593-605.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad219.

Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 RNA and CD4+ T-Cell Counts Are Determinants of Virological Nonsuppression Outcomes With Initial Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimens: A Prospective RESPOND Cohort Study

Hortensia Álvarez^{1

2}, Amanda Mocroft^{3

4}, Lene Ryom^{3

5}, Bastian Neesgaard³, Simon Edwards⁶, Veronica Svedhem⁷, Huldrych F Günthard⁸, Robert Zangerle⁹, Colette Smith¹⁰, Antonella Castagna¹¹, Antonella d'Arminio Monforte¹², Ferdinand Wit¹³, Melanie Stecher¹⁴, Clara Lehman¹⁴, Cristina Mussini¹⁵, Eric Fontas¹⁶, Eva González¹⁷, Jan-Christian Wasmuth¹⁸, Anders Sönnerborg¹⁹, Stéphane De Wit²⁰, Nikoloz Chkhartishvili²¹, Christoph Stephan²², Kathy Petoumenos²³, Nadine Jaschinski³, Vani Vannappagari²⁴, Joel Gallant²⁵, Lital Young²⁶, Alain Volny Anne²⁷, Lauren Greenberg^{3

4}, Raquel Martín-Iguacel²⁸, Eva Poveda²⁹, Josep M Llibre³⁰; RESPOND (International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Diseases) Study Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

RESPOND (International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Diseases) Study Group:
F Wit, M V D Valk, M Hillebregt, K Petoumenos, M Law, D Byonanebye, J Hutchinson, R Zangerle, H Appoyer, J Vera, A Clarke, B Broster, L Barbour, S De Wit, M Delforge, J Begovac, G Wandeler, C Stephan, M Bucht, N Chkhartishvili, O Chokoshvili, A d'Arminio Monforte, A Rodano, A Tavelli, I Fanti, C Mussini, V Borghi, C Pradier, E Fontas, K Dollet, C Caissotti, J Casabona, J M Miro, C Smith, F Lampe, M Johnson, F Burns, C Chaloner, A Castagna, A Lazzarin, A Poli, A Sönnerborg, K Falconer, V Svedhem, H F Günthard, B Ledergerber, H Bucher, K Kusejko, J C Wasmuth, J Rockstroh, J J Vehreschild, G Fätkenheuer, M Scherer, N Schulze, B Franke, L Ryom, M Law, J Rooney, I McNicholl, V Vannappagari, H Garges, K Petoumenos, G Wandeler, R Zangerle, C Smith, S De Wit, J Lundgren, H F Günthard, L Young, R Campo, J Lundgren, H F Günthard, J Kowalska, D Raben, L Ryom, A Mocroft, J Rockstroh, L Peters, O Kirk, D Podlekareva, A Volny Anne, N Dedes, E D Williams, N Chkhartishvili, R Zangerle, K Petoumenos, M Law, F Wit, C Necsoi, G Wandeler, C Stephan, C Pradier, A d'Arminio Monforte, C Mussini, A Bruguera, H Bucher, A Sönnerborg, J J Vehreschild, J C Wasmuth, C Smith, A Castagna, J Vera, J Begovac, J Rooney, I McNicholl, V Vannappagari, H Garges, L Young, R Campo, L Ryom, A Mocroft, B Neesgaard, L Greenberg, N Jaschinski, L Bansi-Matharu, V Svedhem-Johansson, F Wit, K Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, R Zangerle, J Hoy, M Bloch, D Braun, A Calmy, G Schüttfort, M Youle, S De Wit, C Mussini, S Zona, A Castagna, A Antinori, N Chkhartishvili, N Bolokadze, E Fontas, K Dollet, C Pradier, J M Miro, J M Llibre, J J Vehreschild, C Schwarze-Zander, J C Wasmuth, J Rockstroh, K Petoumenos, M Law, C Duvivier, G Dragovic, R Radoi, C Oprea, M Vasylyev, J Kowalska, R Matulionyte, V Mulabdic, G Marchetti, E Kuzovatova, N Coppola, J Begovac, I Aho, S Martini, H Bucher, A Harxhi, T Wæhre, A Pharris, A Vassilenko, G Fätkenheuer, J Bogner, A Maagaard, E Jablonowska, D Elbirt, G Marrone, C Leen, C Wyen, M Kundro, C Hathleberger, A Pelchen-Matthews, D Byonanebye, O Fursa, A Roen, L Dahlerup-Rasmussen, N Dedes, E Dixon Williams, J Gallant, D Thorpe, V Vannappagari, H Garges, J M Arduino, P Sklar, Alain Volny Anne, Nikos Dedes, Luis Mendão, Esther Dixon Williams, J F Larsen, B Neesgaard, N Jaschinski, O Fursa, O Valdemaier, A Timiryasova, L Ryom, L Peters, M L Jakobsen, C Kraef, M Gardizi, D Raben, T W Elsing, L Ramesh Kumar, S Shahi, K Andersen, J Reekie, A Mocroft, L Greenberg, L Bansi-Matharu, A Pelchen-Matthews, K Petoumenos, D Byonanebye, E Tusch, A Roen, W Bannister

Affiliations

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, SERGAS-A Coruña, Spain.
² Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
³ CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁴ Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Medical Unit Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁹ Austrian HIV Cohort Study, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁰ The Royal Free HIV Cohort Study, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹ San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
¹² Italian Cohort Naive Antiretrovirals (ICONA), ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy.
¹³ AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) cohort, HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Modena HIV Cohort, Università degli Studi di Modena, Modena, Italy.
¹⁶ Nice HIV Cohort, Université Côte d´Azur et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France.
¹⁷ PISCIS Cohort Study, Centre Estudis Epidemologics de ITS i VIH de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain.
¹⁸ Medical Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁹ Swedish InfCare HIV Cohort, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
²¹ Georgian National AIDS Health Information System, Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²² Frankfurt HIV Cohort Study, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Infectious Diseases Unit, Frankfurt, Germany.
²³ The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
²⁴ ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA.
²⁶ Merck Sharp & Dohme, Luzern, Switzerland.
²⁷ European AIDS Treatment Group, Brussels, Belgium.
²⁸ Infectious Diseases Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁹ Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Spain.
³⁰ Infectious Diseases Division and Fight Infections Foundation, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.

PMID: 37052343
PMCID: PMC10893964
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad219

Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 RNA and CD4+ T-Cell Counts Are Determinants of Virological Nonsuppression Outcomes With Initial Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimens: A Prospective RESPOND Cohort Study

Hortensia Álvarez et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2023.

. 2023 Aug 22;77(4):593-605.

doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad219.

Authors

Collaborators

RESPOND (International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Diseases) Study Group:
F Wit, M V D Valk, M Hillebregt, K Petoumenos, M Law, D Byonanebye, J Hutchinson, R Zangerle, H Appoyer, J Vera, A Clarke, B Broster, L Barbour, S De Wit, M Delforge, J Begovac, G Wandeler, C Stephan, M Bucht, N Chkhartishvili, O Chokoshvili, A d'Arminio Monforte, A Rodano, A Tavelli, I Fanti, C Mussini, V Borghi, C Pradier, E Fontas, K Dollet, C Caissotti, J Casabona, J M Miro, C Smith, F Lampe, M Johnson, F Burns, C Chaloner, A Castagna, A Lazzarin, A Poli, A Sönnerborg, K Falconer, V Svedhem, H F Günthard, B Ledergerber, H Bucher, K Kusejko, J C Wasmuth, J Rockstroh, J J Vehreschild, G Fätkenheuer, M Scherer, N Schulze, B Franke, L Ryom, M Law, J Rooney, I McNicholl, V Vannappagari, H Garges, K Petoumenos, G Wandeler, R Zangerle, C Smith, S De Wit, J Lundgren, H F Günthard, L Young, R Campo, J Lundgren, H F Günthard, J Kowalska, D Raben, L Ryom, A Mocroft, J Rockstroh, L Peters, O Kirk, D Podlekareva, A Volny Anne, N Dedes, E D Williams, N Chkhartishvili, R Zangerle, K Petoumenos, M Law, F Wit, C Necsoi, G Wandeler, C Stephan, C Pradier, A d'Arminio Monforte, C Mussini, A Bruguera, H Bucher, A Sönnerborg, J J Vehreschild, J C Wasmuth, C Smith, A Castagna, J Vera, J Begovac, J Rooney, I McNicholl, V Vannappagari, H Garges, L Young, R Campo, L Ryom, A Mocroft, B Neesgaard, L Greenberg, N Jaschinski, L Bansi-Matharu, V Svedhem-Johansson, F Wit, K Grabmeier-Pfistershammer, R Zangerle, J Hoy, M Bloch, D Braun, A Calmy, G Schüttfort, M Youle, S De Wit, C Mussini, S Zona, A Castagna, A Antinori, N Chkhartishvili, N Bolokadze, E Fontas, K Dollet, C Pradier, J M Miro, J M Llibre, J J Vehreschild, C Schwarze-Zander, J C Wasmuth, J Rockstroh, K Petoumenos, M Law, C Duvivier, G Dragovic, R Radoi, C Oprea, M Vasylyev, J Kowalska, R Matulionyte, V Mulabdic, G Marchetti, E Kuzovatova, N Coppola, J Begovac, I Aho, S Martini, H Bucher, A Harxhi, T Wæhre, A Pharris, A Vassilenko, G Fätkenheuer, J Bogner, A Maagaard, E Jablonowska, D Elbirt, G Marrone, C Leen, C Wyen, M Kundro, C Hathleberger, A Pelchen-Matthews, D Byonanebye, O Fursa, A Roen, L Dahlerup-Rasmussen, N Dedes, E Dixon Williams, J Gallant, D Thorpe, V Vannappagari, H Garges, J M Arduino, P Sklar, Alain Volny Anne, Nikos Dedes, Luis Mendão, Esther Dixon Williams, J F Larsen, B Neesgaard, N Jaschinski, O Fursa, O Valdemaier, A Timiryasova, L Ryom, L Peters, M L Jakobsen, C Kraef, M Gardizi, D Raben, T W Elsing, L Ramesh Kumar, S Shahi, K Andersen, J Reekie, A Mocroft, L Greenberg, L Bansi-Matharu, A Pelchen-Matthews, K Petoumenos, D Byonanebye, E Tusch, A Roen, W Bannister

Affiliations

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ferrol, Ferrol, SERGAS-A Coruña, Spain.
² Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
³ CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁴ Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁵ Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁶ Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Medical Unit Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
⁸ Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁹ Austrian HIV Cohort Study, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁰ The Royal Free HIV Cohort Study, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹¹ San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
¹² Italian Cohort Naive Antiretrovirals (ICONA), ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy.
¹³ AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) cohort, HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
¹⁵ Modena HIV Cohort, Università degli Studi di Modena, Modena, Italy.
¹⁶ Nice HIV Cohort, Université Côte d´Azur et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nice, France.
¹⁷ PISCIS Cohort Study, Centre Estudis Epidemologics de ITS i VIH de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain.
¹⁸ Medical Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
¹⁹ Swedish InfCare HIV Cohort, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
²¹ Georgian National AIDS Health Information System, Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²² Frankfurt HIV Cohort Study, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Infectious Diseases Unit, Frankfurt, Germany.
²³ The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
²⁴ ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA.
²⁶ Merck Sharp & Dohme, Luzern, Switzerland.
²⁷ European AIDS Treatment Group, Brussels, Belgium.
²⁸ Infectious Diseases Department, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁹ Group of Virology and Pathogenesis, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, SERGAS-UVigo, Spain.
³⁰ Infectious Diseases Division and Fight Infections Foundation, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.

PMID: 37052343
PMCID: PMC10893964
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad219

Abstract

Background: There are conflicting data regarding baseline determinants of virological nonsuppression outcomes in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) starting antiretroviral treatment (ART). We evaluated the impact of different baseline variables in the RESPOND cohort.

Methods: We included treatment-naive participants aged ≥18 who initiated 3-drug ART, in 2014-2020. We assessed the odds of virological suppression (VS) at weeks 48 and 96 using logistic regression. Viral blips, low-level viremia (LLV), residual viremia (RV), and virological failure (VF) rates were assessed using Cox regression.

Results: Of 4310 eligible participants, 72% started integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens. At 48 and 96 weeks, 91.0% and 93.3% achieved VS, respectively. At 48 weeks, Kaplan-Meier estimates of rates were 9.6% for viral blips, 2.1% for LLV, 22.2% for RV, and 2.1% for VF. Baseline HIV-1 RNA levels >100 000 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell counts ≤200/µL were negatively associated with VS at weeks 48 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51 [95% confidence interval, .39-.68] and .40 [.27-.58], respectively) and 96 and with significantly higher rates of blips, LLV, and RV. CD4+ T-cell counts ≤200/µL were associated with higher risk of VF (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.12 [95% confidence interval, 2.02-4.83]). Results were consistent in those starting INSTIs versus other regimens and those starting dolutegravir versus other INSTIs.

Conclusions: Initial high HIV-1 RNA and low CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with lower rates of VS at 48 and 96 weeks and higher rates of viral blips, LLV, and RV. Low baseline CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with higher VF rates. These associations remain with INSTI-based and specifically with dolutegravir-based regimens. These findings suggest that the impact of these baseline determinants is independent of the ART regimen initiated.

Keywords: blip; integrase inhibitors; low-level viremia; residual viremia; virological failure.

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Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. H. A. has received support for attending meetings from Janssen-Cilag, Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare and honoraria for presentations from Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare, outside the present work. A. M. has received payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations and travel support from ViiV Healthcare and Gilead Sciences and consultancy fees as an expert witness for Eiland and Bonnin, outside the submitted work. H. F. G. has received unrestricted research grants and a travel grant from Gilead Sciences; fees for data and safety monitoring board membership from Merck; consulting/advisory board membership fees from Gilead Sciences, Merck, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen, Novartis, GSK and ViiV Healthcare; and grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, Yvonne Jacob Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health, outside the present work. C.S. reports payment or honoraria for speaking engagements from Gilead Sciences. F. W. reports membership on the advisory board for ViiV. C. L. reports grants or contracts (paid to the institution) from the German federal ministry of education and research, the Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss Innovationsausschuss), the Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft in Nordrhein-Westfalen, and the German Center for Infection Research; payment for speaking engagements from Pfizer, ViiV, Gilead, Novartis, MSD, and Biontech; travel support for the 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2023) from Pfizer; and participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for ViiV, Pfizer, and Biontech. C. M. reports a research grant from Gilead (paid to the institution), consulting fees (paid to the author) from ViiV, MSD, Gilead, and Janssen, and participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for Corimuno. J. C. W. has received payments or honoraria for lectures from Merck Sharp & Dohme. A. S. reports grants or contracts from Gilead Sciences, participation on data safety monitoring or advisory board for GlaxoSmithKline and Gilead Sciences, and a role on the Swedish Reference Group of Antiviral Therapy. C. Smith Stephan has received grants or contracts from the Robert Koch Institute (ClinSurv Steering committee and grant) abd Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Hospital Partnership Developing Project [Esther]); consulting fees from Gilead Sciences (speaker fees and advisory board membership) and from Janssen Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, ViiV Healthcare (advisory board membership); payment for expert testimony for Verwaltungsgericht Berlin; and support for attending meetings form Gilead Sciences (Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infection [American Retrovirus Conference]), Janssen-Cilag (European AIDS Conference travel grant), and AbbVie (Dagnä-Workshop travel grant), outside the present work. K. P. has received grants or contracts from ViiV Healthcare Australia and Gilead Sciences Australia, outside the present work. V. V. is an employee and shareholder of ViiV Healthcare. J. G. is an employee and shareholder of Gilead Sciences. R. M. I. has received payments for presentations in meetings and symposia as a speaker in HIV Clinical Topics (22–23 September 2022; lecture about late human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] presentation) and from the HIV Nordic Symposium (September 2022; role as chairman in a session about long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine [GSK]) and reports participation on an advisory board for GSK (November–December 2022) (personal consulting fee in relation to an advisory board regarding new data on dolutegravir-lamivudine and long-acting treatment with cabotegravir-rilpivirine), outside the present work. L. Y. reports other financial or nonfinancial interests with Merck Sharp & Dohme. J. M. L. has received payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, or speakers bureau participation from Janssen-Cilag, Gilead Sciences, Thera Technologies, and ViiV Healthcare; consulting fees from and participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board for Janssen-Cilag, Gilead Sciences, and ViiV Healthcare; and support for attending meetings from Gilead Sciences, outside the present work. A.C. reports grants or contracts (paid to institution) from ViiV Healthcare, consulting fees, payment for speaking engagements, and participation on data safety monitoring or advisory boards for Janssen Cilag, Gilead, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare (alls support paid to author). All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

**Figure 1.**
International Cohort Consortium of Infectious Diseases (RESPOND) flow chart. Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral treatment; HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1; LLV, low-level viremia; NRTI, nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; RV, residual viremia; VF, virological failure; VS, virological suppression.

**Figure 2.**
Time-to-virological outcomes estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves. A. Time-to-viral blip following virological suppression. B. Time-to-low-level viremia following virological suppression. C. Time-to-residual viremia following virological suppression. D. Time-to-virological failure following virological suppression. Abbreviations: DTG, dolutegravir; DRV, darunavir; EVG, elvitegravir; FU, follow-up; LLV, low-level viremia; RAL, raltegravir; RPV, rilpivirine; RV, residual viremia; VF, virological failure; VS, virological suppression.

**Figure 3.**
Multivariate analysis of viral blip (A) and low-level viremia (B) rates. Statistically significant values of variables are highlighted in bold. Abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, referred as AIDS-defining illness; ART, antiretroviral treatment; CI, confidence interval; DRV, darunavir; DTG, dolutegravir; EVG/c, cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir; FTC, emtricitabine; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunonodeficiency virus; HR, hazard ratio; NRTI, nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir; Ref, reference; RPV, rilpivirine; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

**Figure 4.**
Multivariate analysis of residual viremia (A) and virological failure (B) rates. Statistically significant values of variables ares highlighted in bold. Abbreviations: 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, referred as AIDS-defining illness; ART, antiretroviral treatment; CI, confidence interval; DTG, dolutegravir; DRV, darunavir;, dolutegravir; EVG/c, cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir; FTC, emtricitabine; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HR, hazard ratio; NRTI, nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; RAL, raltegravir; Ref, reference; RPV, rilpivirine; TAF, tenofovir alafenamide; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

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Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 RNA and CD4+ T-Cell Counts Are Determinants of Virological Nonsuppression Outcomes With Initial Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimens: A Prospective RESPOND Cohort Study

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Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 RNA and CD4+ T-Cell Counts Are Determinants of Virological Nonsuppression Outcomes With Initial Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimens: A Prospective RESPOND Cohort Study

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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