Muscle strength gains per week are higher in the lower-body than the upper-body in resistance training experienced healthy young women-A systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Women are underrepresented in resistance exercise-related studies. To date only one meta-analysis provides concrete training recommendations for muscle strength gains through resistance training in eumenorrhoeic women.

Objective: This review aims to identify research gaps to advance future study in this area to expand the knowledge concerning resistance exercise-induced strength gains in women and to provide guidelines on the number of repetitions per set and the training frequency per week to enhance maximal muscle strength.

Methods: The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched using a comprehensive list of relevant terms. After checking for exclusion criteria, 31 studies could be included in the final analysis using data from 621 subjects. From these data sets, the ideal number of repetitions per set and also the training frequency per week were analyzed.

Results: In the lower body, the largest gains were achieved with 1 to 6 repetitions (17.4% 1RM increase). For lower-body exercises, the highest gains were achieved with 13 to 20 repetitions (8.7% 1RM increase). The lower body should be trained two times a week (8.5% 1RM increase). The upper body should be trained two (5.2% 1RM increase) to three times (4.5% 1RM increase) a week.

Conclusion: Women can increase their 1RM by 7.2% per week in the upper body and by 5.2% per week in the lower-body exercises. The upper body can be trained more than two times per week whereas the lower body should be trained two times. Women with intermediate experiences in RT and advanced performance level show more rapid increases in strength in the lower-body compared to the upper-body while no differences were found between upper and lower limb adaptations in RT-beginner subjects.

Fig 1. PRISMA flowchart.

Review and selection process of all data records from the two databases: PubMed and Web of Science from the first data export to the final qualitative analysis.

Fig 2. Forrest plot.

Lower-body gains compared to upper-body 1RM gains in intermediate and advanced subjects.

Fig 3. Forrest plot.

Lower-Body gains compared to upper-body 1RM gains in beginner subjects.

Fig 4. Evaluation for repetitions per set and training frequency per week for all included studies.

(A) Lower-body repetitions per set, (B) lower-body training frequency per week, (C) upper-body repetitions per set and (D) upper-body training frequency per week.