MHC class I and MHC class II reporter mice enable analysis of immune oligodendroglia in mouse models of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Oligodendrocytes and their progenitors upregulate MHC pathways in response to inflammation, but the frequency of this phenotypic change is unknown and the features of these immune oligodendroglia are poorly defined. We generated MHC class I and II transgenic reporter mice to define their dynamics in response to inflammatory demyelination, providing a means to monitor MHC activation in diverse cell types in living mice and define their roles in aging, injury, and disease.

Keywords: immunology; inflammation; major histocompatibility complex; mouse; multiple sclerosis; neuroscience; oligodendrocytes.

Figure 1.. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter mice validation.

(A) Stop codons of Cd74 and B2m are replaced by P2A-TdTomato-WPRE-pA construct to generate Cd74^tdT and B2m^tdT reporter mice, respectively. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (B) Genotyping of reporter mice with primers (indicated by arrows in panel A) spanning reporter construct insertion site. (C) Representative histogram of flow cytometry of endogenous tdT expression in peripheral blood CD45+ cells for phenotyping reporter and wild-type mice. (D) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of endogenous tdT expression in B2m^tdT splenic cell populations. n=3 mice. (E) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of B2m co-expression in tdT-positive CD3+ T cells in B2m^tdT spleen with representative histogram of B2m expression with and without B2m antibody. n=3 mice. (F) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of endogenous tdT expression in Cd74^tdT splenic cell populations. n=3 mice. (G) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of Cd74 co-expression in tdT-positive splenic cell populations in Cd74^tdT spleen with representative histogram of tdT-positive CD19+ B cells stained with and without CD74. n=3 mice. (H) Quantification of flow cytometry percentage of I/A-I/E co-expression with tdT-positive splenic cell populations in Cd74^tdT spleen with representative histogram of tdT and I-A/I-E expression in monocytes with tdT-intermediate I-A/I-E-negative population outlined. n=3 mice. (I) Immunopanned B2m^tdT post-natal pup glial culture with representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia with and without interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment. Scale bars, 50 µm. (J) Immunopanned Cd74^tdT post-natal pup glial culture with representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia with and without IFN-γ treatment. Scale bars, 50 µm. (K) Representative images of tdT expression in Olig2+ oligodendroglia, GFAP+ astrocytes, and Iba1+ microglia in Cd74^tdT glial culture with IFN-γ treatment. Scale bars, 20 µm. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1.. Western blots of B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT reporter and wild-type animals.

(A) Cd74^tdT and WT spleen, lymph node, brain, and spinal cord tissue probed with Cd74 antibody. Expected p31/p41 Cd74 isoforms and an additional 90 kDa Cd74^tdT fusion protein are present in spleen and lymph nodes. Brain and spinal cord demonstrate single Cd74 isoform above p41 isoform. (B) Cd74^tdT fusion protein (90 kDa) in Cd74^tdT spleen probed for Cd74 antibody. (C) Quantification of total Cd74 protein (combined 31, 41, 90 kDa bands) intensity in WT and Cd74^tdT spleen (from panel B). n=4 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. Unpaired t-test. (D) Quantification of percentage of 90 kDa Cd74^tdT fusion protein in Cd74^tdT spleen (from panel B). n=4 mice. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.(E) Cd74^tdT and WT spleen, lymph node, brain, and spinal cord tissue probed with tdT antibody. tdT protein (54 kDa) and Cd74^tdT fusion protein (90 kDa) present in Cd74^tdT spleen and lymph nodes. (F) Cd74^tdT fusion protein (90 kDa) present in Cd74^tdT spleen probed for tdT antibody. (G) Quantification of percentage of 90 kDa Cd74^tdT fusion protein in Cd74^tdT spleen (from panel F). n=4 mice. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (H) B2m^tdT and WT spleen, lymph node, brain, and spinal cord tissue probed with B2m antibody with expected 11 kDa B2m isoform protein band in spleen and lymph nodes without B2m^tdT fusion protein detected. (I) WT and B2m^tdT spleen probed with B2m antibody. (J) Quantification of total B2m protein band intensity in WT and B2m^tdT spleen (from panel I). n=4 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. Unpaired t-test. (K) B2m^tdT and WT spleen, lymph node, brain, and spinal cord tissue probed with tdT antibody with expected 54 kDa tdT band in B2m^tdT reporter tissue without B2m^tdT fusion protein detected. (L) B2m^tdT and WT spleen probed for B2m antibody with single 54 kDa TdT band in B2m^tdT spleen. 20 µg protein loaded per lane, each lane is an individual animal and 4 animals/group were evaluated for each tissue type. B - brain; LN - lymph node; SP - spleen; SC - spinal cord; WT - wild-type.

Figure 1—figure supplement 2.. Cd74^tdT splenocyte and OT-II CD4 T cell co-culture.

(A) Representative histogram and quantification of proliferation of ovalbumin-specific OT-II CD4 T cells co-cultured with wild-type or Cd74^tdT splenocytes for 72 hr. n=6 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (B) Representative histogram and quantification of activated CD44+ OT II CD4 T cells co-cultured with wild-type or Cd74^tdT splenocytes for 72 hr. n=6 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (C) Representative gating for OT-II CD4 T cells gated on singlets/cells/viable/CD4+/vb5+. WT - wild-type.

Figure 2.. Cd74^tdT reporter adult baseline central nervous system (CNS) tdT expression.

(A) Representative images of Cd74^tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult spinal cord stained for I-A/I-E. Scale bars, 200 µm. (B) Representative images of Cd74^tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult brain stained for I-A/I-E. Scale bars, 1 mm. (C) Confocal images of adult brain choroid plexus endogenous tdT stained with Cd74 and I-A/I-E antibodies. Scale bars, 20 µm. (D) Confocal images of choroid plexus endogenous tdT on CD11c+ dendritic cells. Scale bars, 20 µm. (E) tdT expression on subset of Iba1+ microglia in ventral pallidum (magnification of box in B). Scale bars, 50 µm. Cd74^tdT adult CNS reporter expression n=6 adult mice.

Figure 3.. B2m^tdT reporter baseline central nervous system (CNS) TdT expression.

(A) Representative images of B2m^tdT endogenous tdT reporter adult expression in adult brain. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Co-localization of tdT in B2m^tdT corpus callosum with Iba1+ microglia and CD31+ endothelial cells. Scale bars, 200 µm. (C) Co-localization of tdT with Iba1 in B2m^tdT cortex. Scale bar, 200 um. (D) B2m^tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in adult spinal cord. Scale bar, 200 µm. (E) Confocal imaging of corpus callosum, striatum, and spinal cord endogenous tdT expression on CD31+ endothelial cells. Scale bars, 20 µm. (F) Confocal imaging of corpus callosum, striatum, and spinal cord endogenous tdT expression on Iba1+ microglia with tdT+Iba1+ cell bodies indicated with arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (G) Flat mount adult B2m^tdT retina with TdT expression on CD31+ endothelial cells and Iba1+ microglia. Scale bars, 20 µm. (H) B2m^tdT endogenous tdT reporter expression in sagittal brain and coronal brain stained with NeuN (boxes indicate regions of interest confocal imaging in panels I–L). Scale bars, 1 mm. (I) Confocal imaging of endogenous tdT+ parvalbumin PV+ neurons, indicated by arrows, in cerebellar molecular layer. Scale bars, 20 µm. (J) Confocal imaging of septal nucleus with scattered tdT+NeuN+ neurons indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (K) Confocal imaging of hippocampal dentate gyrus tdT+NeuN+ neurons. Scale bars, 20 µm. (L) Confocal imaging of cortex layer II/III tdT+NeuN+ neurons. Scale bars, 20 µm. B2m^tdT adult CNS reporter expression n=6 adult mice.

Figure 4.. B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT reporter expression in MOG_35-55 peptide immunized experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord.

(A) B2m^tdT reporter MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord stained with Iba1. tdT expression is present in the vasculature and Iba1+ microglia in pre-clinical score 0 animals and more notable parenchymal expression within EAE lesions indicated by DAPI hypercellularity and Iba1 cell clusters. Scale bars, 200 µm. (B) Cd74^tdT reporter MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord stained with Iba1. tdT expression is restricted to the meninges in pre-clinical score 0 mice and with increasing EAE clinical score is prominent within EAE lesions. Scale bars, 200 µm.

Figure 5.. B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT reporter expression in MOG_35-55 peptide immunized experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Representative images of Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brain with clinical scores >2 demonstrating parenchymal and meningeal tdT expression. Scale bars, 500 µm. (B) Cd74^tdT EAE ventral brain meningeal cluster of tdT-positive cells. Scale bar, 200 µm. (C) Cd74^tdT EAE corpus callosum with notable tdT+ infiltrate and tdT parenchymal expression. (D) Representative images of B2m^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brain with meningeal tdT expression and corpus callosum tdT expression. Scale bars, 500 µm. (E) B2m^tdT EAE ventral brain meningeal cluster of tdT-positive cells. Scale bar, 200 µm. (F) B2m^tdT EAE corpus callosum with notable tdT+ infiltrate. (G) Cd74^tdT and B2m^tdT EAE brain with tdT+ microglia (Iba1+TMEM119+ indicated by arrows) and tdT+ infiltrating myeloid cells (Iba1+TMEM119- indicated by asterisks). Scale bars 20 µm.

Figure 6.. Co-stimulatory molecule expression in myeloid and microglial cells in MOG_35-55 peak experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE).

(A) Quantification of percentage of tdT expression in co-stimulatory molecule positive (CD40+CD86+) compared to co-stimulatory molecule negative (CD40-CD86-) infiltrating myeloid cells (CD45+CD11b+Clec12a+) and microglia (CD45+CD11b+Clec12a-) in Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (B) Quantification of tdT mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in tdT+ co-stimulatory positive and negative infiltrating myeloid cells and microglia in Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (C) Representative gating strategy for M2 (CD86-CD206+), M1 (CD86+CD206-), and M1-2 microglia (CD86+CD206+). (D) Quantification of percentage of tdT expression in M1, M2, and M1-2 microglia in B2m^tdT baseline and EAE brain by flow cytometry. n=3 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (E) Quantification of tdT MFI of M1, M2, and M1-2 microglia in B2m^tdT baseline and EAE brain. n=3, mice/group. Unpaired t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 7.. Oligodendroglial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter expression in MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord.

(A) Representative confocal imaging of tdT-positive oligodendroglia in MOG_35-55 EAE B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT spinal cord lesions. Endogenous tdT-positive oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (B) Representative images of B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 spinal cord whole cord and outlined region of interest (ROI) used for analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 200 µm. (C) Diagram of seven ROIs imaged in lumbar spinal cord sections from baseline and EAE spinal cord. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (D) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–4 mice baseline and score 0, n=9–10 EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (E) Representative confocal imaging of lesion and non-lesion ROIs from the same reporter EAE animal with tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (F) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in lesion compared to non-lesion areas in MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across ROIs with lesions determined by DAPI hypercellularity compared to ROIs without lesions. n=8–9 mice/reporter, paired Wilcoxon t-test. (G) Linear regression of CD45 density on whole spinal cord section compared to percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in whole spinal cord section in MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual spinal cord sections. n=3–4 sections/mouse, 3 mice/reporter. (H) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region mean tdT mean fluorescent intensity in MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord. n=13 mice/reporter. Data points are individual animals. (I) Representative confocal imaging of adult B2m^tdT spinal cord at baseline with endogenous tdT co-localization with Olig2+CC1+ mature oligodendroglia (arrows). Quantification of percentage of CC1+tdT+ Olig2+ oligodendrocytes in B2m^tdT baseline adult spinal cord. n=4 mice. Scale bars, 20 µm. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (J) Quantification of percentage of PDGFRa+tdT+ oligodendroglia in MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions. n=3–4 mice baseline and score 0, n=6–8 mice EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m.

Figure 7—figure supplement 1.. Correlation of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) score with tdT+ oligodendroglia and PDGFRa+tdT+ oligodendroglia in EAE spinal cord.

(A) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to EAE clinical score in MOG_35-55 EAE spinal cord. n=13 mice/reporter. (B) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of PDGFRa+tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to EAE clinical score. n=12 mice/ B2m^tdT and 6 mice/Cd74^tdT reporters. (C) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of PDGFRa+tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region region of interest (ROI) tdT mean intensity. n=12 mice/B2m^tdT and 6 mice/ Cd74^tdT reporters. (D) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of PDGFRa+tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia. n=12 mice/B2m^tdT and 6 mice/Cd74^tdT reporters.

Figure 7—figure supplement 2.. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter expression in astrocytes in MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) spinal cord lesions.

(A) Representative confocal imaging of tdT+Sox9+ astrocytes in B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT EAE spinal cord lesion indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm.

Figure 8.. Oligodendroglial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) reporter expression in the brain of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory models.

(A) Confocal imaging of tdT reporter-positive oligodendroglia in MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT brain. Endogenous tdT reporter-positive oligodendroglia indicated by arrows. Scale bars, 20 µm. (B) Representative images of MOG_35-55 EAE B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT brain with corpus callosum TdT-positive infiltrate. Scale bars, 500 µm. (C) Representative images of B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 ventral brain used for region of interest (ROI) analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 50 µm. (D) Diagram of seven ROIs imaged in brain sections. Figure made in https://www.biorender.com/. (E) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT brain. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–5 mice baseline and score 0, n=9–11 EAE score >0. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (F) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to all region mean tdT mean fluorescent intensity in MOG_35-55 EAE brain. n=12 mice/reporter. Data points are individual animals. (G) Representative images of B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT AT-CUP corpus callosum used for ROI analysis of tdT+ oligodendroglia. Scale bars, 50 µm. (H) Quantification of percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in B2m^tdT and Cd74^tdT brain of CNS inflammatory models. Data points are an individual animal mean across all regions analyzed. n=3–9 mice/group. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (I) Regional ratio of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in four regions analyzed in B2m^tdT brain. For each individual animal total tdT+Olig2+ cells in each region taken as a proportion of all tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia across all brain regions for that animal. n=3–9 mice/group. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. AT - adoptive transfer, AT-CUP - adoptive transfer cuprizone, CUP - cuprizone, ROI - region of interest.

Figure 8—figure supplement 1.. Correlation of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) score with tdT+ oligodendroglia in EAE brain and regional ratio of tdT+ oligodendroglia across brain regions of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory models.

(A) Linear regression of all region mean percentage of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia compared to EAE clinical score in MOG_35-55 EAE brain. n=14 mice/reporter. (B) Quantification of mean tdT+Olig2+ oligodendrogliaby brain region of different CNS inflammatory models of B2m^tdT reporter mice. n=3–9 mice/group. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (C) Quantification of mean tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia by brain region of different CNS inflammatory models of Cd74^tdT reporter mice. n=3–11 mice/group. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. (D) Regional ratio of tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia in four regions analyzed in B2m^tdT brain of different animal models. For each individual animal total tdT+Olig2+ cells in each region taken as a proportion of all tdT+Olig2+ oligodendroglia across all brain regions for that animal. n=3–9 mice/group. Unpaired Mann-Whitney t-test. Data represented are means ± s.e.m. AT - adoptive transfer, AT-CUP - adoptive transfer cuprizone, CUP - cuprizone.

Figure 9.. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of Cd74^tdT and B2m^tdT MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brain scRNA-seq tdT-positive sorted cells (dark gray) and tdT-negative sorted cells (light gray). n=3 pooled Cd74^tdT EAE animals. (B) Cell identity percentages in Cd74^tdT tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells, total cell count in parentheses. (C) Violin plots of log normalized expression levels of Cd74 and tdT transcripts in tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted samples. (D) UMAP B2m^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brain scRNA-seq TdT-positive sorted cells. n=3 pooled B2m^tdT EAE animals. (E) Cell identity percentages in B2m^tdT tdT-positive sorted cells, cell count in parentheses. (F) Violin plots of log normalized expression levels of B2m and tdT transcripts in B2m^tdT tdT-positive sorted cell clusters. DC - dendritic cells; Mono/Macro - monocyte/macrophage; NK - natural killer.

Figure 9—figure supplement 1.. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) gating strategy and validation of clusters.

(A) Gating strategy for Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brains sorted for tdT-positive and tdT-negative cells. (B) Gating strategy for B2m^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brains sorted for tdT-positive and tdT-negative cells. (C) Expression level of cell type-specific transcripts to confirm cluster identities in Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE.

Figure 9—figure supplement 2.. Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) monocyte/macrophage cluster differential transcript expression levels.

Heatmap of scaled expression levels in tdT-negative and tdT-positive sorted myeloid/macrophage cluster for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (H2-Ab1, CD74), M2 activation (CD68, Arg1), inflammatory signaling receptor (Trem2), M2 macrophage infiltration chemokine (Cxcl16), lipid metabolism (Apoe), ferritin light chain (Fth1), complement (C1qa, C1qb, C1qc), lysosomal proteases (Ctsd, Ctss, Ctsb), and calcium sensing transcripts (s100a4, c100a8, s100a9).

Figure 10.. Oligodendroglial subclustering of single-cell RNA sequencing of Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) brain.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) Cd74^tdT MOG_35-55 EAE brain tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells with eight oligodendroglial subclusters. (B) Violin plots of oligodendroglial markers Olig1, Cnp, Plp, Mobp, and Mbp transcript levels in oligodendroglial subclusters. (C) Violin plots of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (B2m, H2-K1, H2-D1), and Stat1 transcript levels. (D) Violin plots of antigen transport (Tap1), immunoproteasome (Psmb8), and Cd274/PD-L1 transcript levels. (E) Violin plots of cell cycle arrest Cdkn1a and Gadd45b. (F) UMAP indicating tdT-positive and tdT-negative sorted cells and Cd74 transcript expression levels. (G) Violin plots of MHC class II transcripts (Cd74, Ctss, H2-Ab1, H2-Eb1). (H) Heatmap of MHC class II (Cd74, H2-Ab1, H2-Aa, H2-Eb1) expression levels in oligodendroglial subclusters.

Figure 10—figure supplement 1.. Oligodendroglial subclustering with contaminating clusters.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) of oligodendroglial subclusters with nine clusters identified and contaminating clusters circled (subset of 5, 8, and 9). (B) UMAP of myelin transcript (Mbp, Plp1, Cnp, Mobp, Mog, Mag) and pan-oligodendroglial transcript (Olig1 and Olig2) expression in oligodendroglial and contaminating clusters. (C) UMAP of contaminating cluster transcripts - Ptprc in myeloid and T cell clusters, Itgam in myeloid cluster, Cd3e in T cell cluster, and Cldn5 in endothelial cluster.

Figure 11.. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) oligodendroglial cluster dataset with previously published Falcao et al. EAE oligodendroglial cluster dataset.

(A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) of subclustering of combined datasets of Cd74^tdT oligodendroglial subclusters from EAE brain and Falcao et al. OPC reporter line oligodendroglial subclusters from EAE spinal cord. (B) UMAP of oligodendroglial subclustering with Falcao et al. dataset on left with labels of subclusters as previously published, and our dataset on right with corresponding Figure 10 labels. (C) Violin plots of differentially expressed transcripts from each of our subclusters and corresponding transcript expression in Falcao et al. dataset. Red boxes indicate subcluster with highest expression and corresponding subcluster in Falcao et al. dataset based on UMAP location in panel B.

Figure 11—figure supplement 1.. Differential expression of oligodendroglial transcripts in our experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) oligodendroglial subclusters and Falcao et al. oligodendroglial subclusters.

(A) Violin plots of OPC transcript (Pdgfra) and myelin transcripts (Cnp, Plp, Mbp, Mobp) and myelin paranodal protein Opalin.