Graphical analysis of multi-environmental trials for wheat grain yield based on GGE-biplot analysis under diverse sowing dates

Abstract

Background: Information on the nature and extent of genetic and genotype × environment (GE) interaction is extremely rare in wheat varieties under different sowing dates. In the present study, the GGE biplot method was conducted to investigate genotype × environment interaction effects and evaluate the adaptability and yield stability of 13 wheat varieties across eight sowing dates, in order to facilitate comparison among varieties and sowing dates and identify suitable varieties for the future breeding studies.

Results: Considerable genotypic variation was observed among genotypes for all of the evaluated traits, demonstrating that selection for these traits would be successful. Low broad sense heritability obtained for grain yield showed that, both genetic and non-genetic gene actions played a role in the control of this trait, and suggested that indirect selection based on its components which had high heritability and high correlation with yield, would be more effective to improve grain yield in this germplasm. Hence, selection based on an index may be more useful for improvement of this trait in recurrent selection programs. The results of the stability analysis showed that the environmental effect was a major source of variation, which captured 72.21% of total variation, whereas G and GE explained 6.94% and 18.33%, respectively. The partitioning of GGE through GGE biplot analysis showed that, the first two PCs accounted for 54.64% and 35.15% of the GGE sum of squares respectively, capturing a total of 89.79% variation. According to the GGE biplot, among the studied varieties, the performance of Gascogen was the least stable, whereas Sirvan, Roshan, and Pishtaz had superior performance under all sowing dates, suggesting that they have a broad adaptation to the diverse sowing dates. These varieties may be recommended for genetic improvement of wheat with a high degree of adaptation.

Conclusion: The results obtained in this study demonstrated the efficiency of the GGE biplot technique for selecting high yielding and stable varieties across sowing dates.

Keywords: Adaptability; GE interaction; GGE biplot; grain yield; heritability; sowing date; stability; wheat.

Fig. 1

‘Polygon’ view of the GGE biplot to show which variety of wheat performed better in which sowing date in terms of grain yield

Fig. 2

GGE biplot showing the ranking of wheat varieties based on grain yield performance and stability

Fig. 3

Comparison of wheat varieties against the position of an ‘ideal’ variety for grain yield and stability of performance across the sowing dates

Fig. 4

GGE biplot showing the discriminating power and representativeness of sowing dates

Fig. 5

GGE biplot showing the performance of wheat varieties in an especial sowing date