Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Mar 20;9(4):e14667.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14667. eCollection 2023 Apr.

Association between inadequate prenatal care and low birth weight of newborns in Peru: Evidence from a peruvian demographic and health survey

Brenda Caira-Chuquineyra  1 , Daniel Fernandez-Guzman  2 , Humberto Giraldez-Salazar  1 , Diego Urrunaga-Pastor  3   4 , Guido Bendezu-Quispe  5
Affiliations

Association between inadequate prenatal care and low birth weight of newborns in Peru: Evidence from a peruvian demographic and health survey

Brenda Caira-Chuquineyra et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Objective: To assess the association between inadequate prenatal care (IPNC) and Low birth weight (LBW) in newborns of singleton gestation mothers in Peru.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey. We included a total of 10,186 women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) who had given birth to a singleton child in the last 5 years. The dependent variable was LBW (< 2500 g). The independent variables were IPNC (inadequate: when at least one of the IPNC components was absent [number of PNC visits ≥ 6, first PNC visit during the first trimester, compliance with PNC visit contents, and PNC visits provided by trained health personnel]) and each of its components. We evaluated the association using logistic regression models to estimate crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results: We found that approximately six out of 100 live births had LBW and that seven out of 10 women had received IPNC. We observed that receiving IPNC (aOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.77) and having less than six prenatal control visits (aOR: 3.20; 95% CI: 2.48 - 4.13) were associated with higher odds of LBW regardless of the mother's age, educational level, occupation, wealth, region, rural origin, ethnicity, sex of the newborns, and place of delivery. While, regarding to the other PNC components, first prenatal control in the first trimester (aOR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.76 - 1.28) and compliance with prenatal control contents (aOR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.86 - 1.34), they were associated with lower and higher odds of LBW, respectively, regardless of the same adjustment variables, but it was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: IPNC and having less than six PNC visits were associated with higher odds of LBW. Therefore, it is very important to implement strategies that ensure access to quality prenatal care is necessary to reduce the consequences of LBW.

Keywords: Antenatal care; Low birth weight; Newborns; Peru; Prenatal care.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart for sample selection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Paulson K.R., Kamath A.M., Alam T., Bienhoff K., Abady G.G., Abbas J., et al. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;398(10303):870–905. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01207-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barría-Pailaquilén R.M., Mendoza-Maldonado Y., Urrutia-Toro Y., Castro-Mora C., Santander-Manríquez G. Trends in Infant mortality rate and mortality for neonates born at less than 32 weeks and with very low birth weight. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2011;19(4):977–984. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692011000400017. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Katz J., Lee A.C., Kozuki N., et al. Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):417–425. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60993-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Goldenberg R.L., Culhane J.F. Low birth weight in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85(2):584S–590S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.584S. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Singer D., Thiede L.P., Perez A. Adults born preterm: long-term health risks of former very low birth weight infants. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118(31–32):521–527. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0164. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources