Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Mar 31:17:1084309.
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1084309. eCollection 2023.

Related consistent lures increase the judgment of multiplication facts: Evidence using event-related potential technique

Yun Pan  1 , Ji Shen  1 , Lijuan Chen  1 , Liangzhi Jia  1 , Weiyu Tu  1 , Huanyu Yang  1
Affiliations

Related consistent lures increase the judgment of multiplication facts: Evidence using event-related potential technique

Yun Pan et al. Front Neurosci. .

Abstract

Simple multiplication errors are primarily shown in whether the lures are related to the operands (relatedness, such as 3 × 4 = 15 vs. 17) or whether the same decades are shared with the correct answers (consistency, such as 3 × 4 = 16 vs. 21). This study used a delayed verification paradigm and event-related potential technique to investigate the effects of relatedness and consistency in simple multiplication mental arithmetic for 30 college students in an experiment of presenting probes in auditory channels. We found that, compared to the related inconsistent lures, the related consistent lures showed significantly faster reaction time and induced significantly large amplitudes of N400 and late positive component. The findings suggest that related consistent lures are less affected by the activation diffusion of the arithmetic problem, and the credibility of being perceived as the correct answer is less; the lures related to operands and sharing the same decades with the accurate results can promote the judgment of multiplication mental arithmetic, and the results support the Interacting Neighbors Model.

Keywords: N400; digital cognition; event-related potential technique; late positive component; multiplication; neighborhood consistency; related consistent lures.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of the in this study. All operands are presented as visual stimuli, arithmetic lures are presented as auditory stimuli, and delayed verification tasks are used when “?” appears, the participants will be able to respond to the right or wrong of the arithmetic results.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) The N400 component time-locked to the four conditions. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated by averaging the data at the electrodes of Fz, FC5, FC6, CZ, C3, C4, and PZ. (B) Histogram in conditions, bars represent standard deviation of the mean. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Rel, related; Unrel, unrelated; Cons, consistent; Incons, inconsistent.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Late positive components (LPC) time-locked to the four conditions. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated by averaging the data at the electrodes of Fz, FC5, FC6, CZ, C3, C4, and PZ. (B) Histogram in conditions, bars represent standard deviation of the mean, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Rel, related; Unrel, unrelated; Cons, consistent; Incons, inconsistent.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Ashcraft M. H. (1992). Cognitive arithmetic: a review of data and theory. Cognition 44, 75–106. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(92)90051-I, PMID: - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ashcraft M. H., Stazyk E. H. (1981). Menatal addition: a test of three verification models. Mem. Cogn. 9, 185–196. doi: 10.3758/bf03202334 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Berch D. B. (2005). Making sense of number sense: implications for children with mathematical disabilities. J. Learn. Disabil. 38, 333–339. doi: 10.1177/00222194050380040901 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bourne P. P. L. E., Birbaumer N. (1998). Extensive practice in mental arithmetic and practice transfer over a ten-month retention interval. Math. Cogn. 4, 21–46. doi: 10.1080/135467998387398 - DOI
    1. Brown C., Hagoort P. (1993). The processing nature of the N400: evidence from masked priming. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 5, 34–44. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.34, PMID: - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources