A One Health approach to mitigate the impact of influenza A virus (IAV) reverse zoonosis is by vaccinating humans and susceptible farmed and pet animals

Abstract

The term reverse zoonosis specifically refers to the natural transmission of disease and infection from humans to animals, with humans as the reservoir host replicating the infectious agent. In the last 20 years, reverse zoonosis has increasingly garnered attention because of human disease outbreaks. In this Currents in One Health article, the author will review host range as the main risk factor for reverse zoonosis, with an emphasis on influenza A virus (IAV) disease events in humans and other species in the context of a "One Health" approach to gain a better understanding of their transmission routes to facilitate their control and prevent them from occurring. The human-to-pig transmission of IAV represents the largest reverse zoonosis of a pathogen documented to date. At the same time, the 2022 farmed mink outbreak in Spain is the most sustained mammal-to-mammal transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 since its re-emergence in humans in 2003. Without any prospect of eradicating IAVs, the best way to mitigate the impact of IAV reverse zoonosis is by vaccinating humans and susceptible farmed and pet animals. The recent major reverse zoonoses involving other virus groups (Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, arboviruses, and the human respiratory viruses transmitted to endangered non-human primate species) and the prevention and control of reverse zoonoses are addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Kibenge, JAVMA, June 2023.