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. 2023 Apr 17;4(4):CD001321.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub6.

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections

Gabrielle Williams  1 , Deirdre Hahn  2 , Jacqueline H Stephens  3 , Jonathan C Craig  3   4 , Elisabeth M Hodson  4   5
Affiliations

Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections

Gabrielle Williams et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

  • Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.
    Williams G, Stothart CI, Hahn D, Stephens JH, Craig JC, Hodson EM. Williams G, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 10;11(11):CD001321. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. PMID: 37947276 Free PMC article.

Abstract
in English, Korean

Background: Cranberries contain proanthocyanidins (PACs), which inhibit the adherence of p-fimbriated Escherichia coli to the urothelial cells lining the bladder. Cranberry products have been used widely for several decades to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is the fifth update of a review first published in 1998 and updated in 2003, 2004, 2008, and 2012.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing UTIs in susceptible populations.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register up to 13 March 2023 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register Search Portal (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of cranberry products compared with placebo, no specific treatment or other intervention (antibiotics, probiotics) for the prevention of UTIs were included.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed and extracted data. Information was collected on methods, participants, interventions and outcomes (incidence of symptomatic UTIs, positive culture results, side effects, adherence to therapy). Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated where appropriate. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Main results: For this update 26 new studies were added, bringing the total number of included studies to 50 (8857 randomised participants). The risk of bias for sequence generation and allocation concealment was low for 29 and 28 studies, respectively. Thirty-six studies were at low risk of performance bias, and 23 studies were at low risk of detection bias. Twenty-seven, 41, and 17 studies were at low risk of attrition bias, reporting bias and other bias, respectively. Forty-five studies compared cranberry products with placebo or no specific treatment in six different groups of participants. Twenty-six of these 45 studies could be meta-analysed for the outcome of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs. In moderate certainty evidence, cranberry products reduced the risk of UTIs (6211 participants: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.84; I² = 69%). When studies were divided into groups according to the treatment indication, cranberry products probably reduced the risk of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs (8 studies, 1555 participants: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.99; I² = 54%), in children (5 studies, 504 participants: RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.68; I² = 21%) and in people with a susceptibility to UTIs due to an intervention (6 studies, 1434 participants: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.61; I² = 0%). However, in low certainty evidence, there may be little or no benefit in elderly institutionalised men and women (3 studies, 1489 participants: RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.30; I² = 9%), pregnant women (3 studies, 765 participants: RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.50; I² = 3%), or adults with neuromuscular bladder dysfunction with incomplete bladder emptying (3 studies, 464 participants: RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.19; I² = 0%). Other comparisons were cranberry products with probiotics (three studies) or antibiotics (six studies), cranberry tablets with cranberry liquid (one study), and different doses of PACs (two studies). Compared to antibiotics, cranberry products may make little or no difference to the risk of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs (2 studies, 385 participants: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.33; I² = 0%) or the risk of clinical symptoms without culture (2 studies, 336 participants: RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.14; I² = 68%). Compared to probiotics, cranberry products may reduce the risk of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs (3 studies, 215 participants: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.56; I = 0%). It is unclear whether efficacy differs between cranberry juice and tablets or between different doses of PACs as the certainty of the evidence was very low. The number of participants with gastrointestinal side effects probably does not differ between those taking cranberry products and those receiving placebo or no specific treatment (10 studies, 2166 participants: RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.77; I² = 0%; moderate certainty evidence). There was no clear relationship between compliance with therapy and the risk for repeat UTIs. No difference in the risk for UTIs could be demonstrated between low, moderate and high doses of PACs.

Authors' conclusions: This update adds a further 26 studies taking the total number of studies to 50 with 8857 participants. These data support the use of cranberry products to reduce the risk of symptomatic, culture-verified UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, in children, and in people susceptible to UTIs following interventions. The evidence currently available does not support its use in the elderly, patients with bladder emptying problems, or pregnant women.

배경: 크랜베리는 프로안토시아니딘(PAC)을 함유하고 있는데, 이는 p‐fimbriatedEscherichia coli가방광을 감싸고 있는 요로상피 세포에 달라붙는 것을 억제한다. 크랜베리 제품은 요로 감염(UTI)을 예방하기 위해 수십 년 동안 널리 사용되어 왔다. 이것은 1998년에 처음 게시되고 2003, 2004, 2008 및 2012년에 업데이트된 리뷰의 다섯 번째 업데이트이다. 목적: 취약한 인구에서 UTI를 예방하는 크랜베리 제품의 효과를 평가한다. 검색 전략: 이 검토와 관련된 검색어를 사용하여 정보 전문가와의 연락을 통해 2023년 3월 13일까지 Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialized Register를 검색했다. Register의 연구는 CENTRAL, MEDLINE 및 EMBASE, 회의 절차, ICTRP(International Clinical Trials Register Search Portal) 및 ClinicalTrials.gov 검색을 통해 식별된다. 선정 기준: 위약과 비교한 크랜베리 제품의 모든 무작위 대조 시험(RCT) 또는 준 RCT, UTI 예방을 위한 특정 치료 또는 기타 중재(항생제, 프로바이오틱스) 없음이 포함되었다. 자료 수집 및 분석: 두 명의 저자가 독립적으로 데이터를 평가하고 추출했다. 방법, 참여자, 중재 및 결과(증상성 UTI의 발생률, 양성 배양 결과, 부작용, 치료 순응도)에 대한 정보를 수집했다. 적절한 경우 95% 신뢰 구간(CI)의 위험비(RR)를 계산했다. Cochrane 비뚤림 위험 평가 도구를 사용하여 연구 품질을 평가했다. GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) 접근 방식을 사용하여 근거에 대한 신뢰도를 평가했다. 주요 결과: 이 업데이트를 위해 26개의 새로운 연구가 추가되어 포함된 연구의 총 수는 50개(무작위 참여자 8857명)가 되었다. 시퀀스 생성 및 할당 은닉에 대한 비뚤림 위험은 각각 29개 및 28개 연구에서 낮았다. 36개의 연구는 실행 비뚤림 위험이 낮았고, 23개 연구는 결과확인 비뚤림 위험이 낮았다. 27건, 41건, 17건의 연구가 각각 탈락 비뚤림, 보고 비뚤림 및 기타 비뚤림 위험이 낮았다. 45건의 연구에서 크랜베리 제품을 위약과 비교하거나 6개의 서로 다른 참가자 그룹에서 특정 치료를 하지 않았다. 이러한 45개 연구 중 26개 연구는 증상이 있고 배양으로 확인된 UTI의 결과에 대해 메타 분석될 수 있다. 중간 정도의 확실성 근거에서 크랜베리 제품은 UTI의 위험을 감소시켰다(6211명의 참가자: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58~0.84; I² = 69%). 연구를 치료 적응증에 따라 그룹으로 나누었을 때, 크랜베리 제품은 아마도 재발성 UTI가 있는 여성의 증상이 있고 배양으로 확인된 UTI의 위험을 감소시켰을 것이다(8개 연구, 1555명의 참가자: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55~0.99; I² = 54%), 소아(5건의 연구, 504명의 참가자: RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32~0.68; I² = 21%) 및 중재으로 인해 UTI에 취약한 사람(6개 연구, 1434명의 참가자: RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.37~0.61; I² = 0%). 그러나 근거 확실성이 낮기 때문에 시설에 수용된 노인 남성과 여성에게 혜택이 거의 또는 전혀 없을 수 있다(3개 연구, 1489명의 참가자: RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.67~1.30; I² = 9%), 임산부(3건의 연구, 765명의 참가자: RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.75~1.50; I² = 3%), 또는 불완전한 방광 비우기가 있는 신경근 방광 기능 장애가 있는 성인(3건의 연구, 464명의 참가자: RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78~1.19; I² = 0%). 다른 비교는 프로바이오틱스(3건의 연구) 또는 항생제(6건의 연구)가 포함된 크랜베리 제품, 크랜베리 액체가 포함된 크랜베리 정제(1건의 연구) 및 다양한 용량의 PAC(2건의 연구)였다. 크랜베리 제품은 항생제와 비교할 때 증상이 있고 배양으로 확인된 UTI의 위험에 거의 또는 전혀 차이가 없을 수 있다(연구 2건, 참가자 385명: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.80~1.33; I² = 0%) 또는 배양이 없는 임상 증상의 위험(2건의 연구, 336명의 참가자: RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.79~2.14; I² = 68%). 프로바이오틱스와 비교하여 크랜베리 제품은 증상이 있고 배양으로 확인된 UTI의 위험을 줄일 수 있다(3개의 연구, 215명의 참가자: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.27~0.56; I = 0%). 근거의 확실성이 매우 낮기 때문에 크랜베리 주스와 정제 사이에 효능이 다른지 아니면 PAC의 다른 용량 사이에 효능이 다른지 불분명하다. 위장 부작용이 있는 참가자의 수는 크랜베리 제품을 복용하는 사람과 위약을 받는 사람 또는 특정 치료를 받지 않는 사람 사이에 차이가 없을 것이다(10개의 연구, 2166명의 참가자: RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.00~1.77; I² = 0%; 중간 정도의 확실성 근거). 치료 순응도와 UTI 반복 위험 사이에는 명확한 관계가 없었다. PAC의 저용량, 중등도, 고용량 간에 UTI 위험의 차이는 입증되지 않았다. 연구진 결론: 이 업데이트는 26개의 연구를 추가하여 총 연구 수를 8857명의 참가자와 함께 50개로 늘렸다. 이러한 데이터는 재발성 UTI가 있는 여성, 아동 및 중재 후 UTI에 취약한 사람들에서 증상이 있고 문화적으로 확인된 UTI의 위험을 줄이기 위해 크랜베리 제품을 사용하는 것을 지원한다. 현재 이용 가능한 근거는 노인, 방광 비우기 문제가 있는 환자 또는 임산부에서의 사용을 지지하지 않다.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01033383 NCT01346774 NCT00280592 NCT00596635 NCT01691430 NCT01776021 NCT00638170 NCT00128128 NCT00093938 NCT01114347 NCT01079169 NCT01861353 NCT00100061 NCT00247104 NCT03597152.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Gabrielle Williams: no relevant interests were disclosed

  2. Deirdre Hahn: no relevant interests were disclosed

  3. Jacqueline H Stephens: no relevant interests were disclosed

  4. Jonathan C Craig: no relevant interests were disclosed

  5. Elisabeth M Hodson: no relevant interests were disclosed

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram of study identification and selection
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Any cranberry product versus placebo, control or no treatment, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Any cranberry product versus placebo, control or no treatment, Outcome 2: Clinical UTI: symptoms, no culture
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Any cranberry product versus placebo, control or no treatment, Outcome 3: Microbiological UTI: positive culture without known symptoms
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Any cranberry product versus placebo, control or no treatment, Outcome 4: Death
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Any cranberry product versus placebo, control or no treatment, Outcome 5: Gastrointestinal adverse events
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Cranberry juice or syrup versus placebo or control, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Cranberry juice or syrup versus placebo or control, Outcome 2: Clinical UTI: symptoms, no culture
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cranberry tablets or powder versus placebo or control, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cranberry tablets or powder versus placebo or control, Outcome 2: Clinical UTI: symptoms, no culture
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cranberry tablets or powder versus placebo or control, Outcome 3: Microbiological UTI: positive culture without known symptoms
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Cranberry juice versus cranberry tablets or powder, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Cranberry dose: high versus low, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Cranberry dose: high versus low, Outcome 2: Microbiological UTI: positive culture without known symptoms
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Cranberry product versus probiotics, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Cranberry product versus antibiotics, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Cranberry product versus antibiotics, Outcome 2: Clinical UTI: symptoms, no culture
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Cranberry + probiotic tablet versus placebo or control, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: PAC dose, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (low dose PAC < 40 mg/day)
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: PAC dose, Outcome 2: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (moderate dose PAC 40 to 80 mg/day)
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: PAC dose, Outcome 3: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (high dose PAC > 80 mg/day)
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: sponsor type, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (commercial involvement)
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: sponsor type, Outcome 2: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (no commercial involvement)
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: culture threshold, Outcome 1: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (⪰ 108 CFU/L)
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Cranberry product versus placebo or control: culture threshold, Outcome 2: Symptomatic UTI: culture‐verified UTI (< 108 CFU/L)
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. DE Leo V, Cappelli V, Massaro MG, Tosti C, Morgante G. Evaluation of the effects of a natural dietary supplement with cranberry, Noxamicina® and D-mannose in recurrent urinary infections in perimenopausal women. Minerva Ginecologica 2017;69(4):336-41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Dotis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dotis J, Printza N, Stabouli S, Pavlaki A, Samara S, Papachristou F. Efficasy of cranberry capsules to prevent recurences of urinary tract infections [abstract no: P351]. Pediatric Nephrology 2014;29(9):1793-4. [EMBASE: 71662748]
Essadi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Essadi F, Elmehashi MO. Efficacy of cranberry juice for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy [abstract no: PS 310]. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2010;23(Suppl 1):378. [EMBASE: 70200859]
Fernandes 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes A, Pereira T, Mendes A, Birne R, Matias P, Jorge C, et al. Are cranberry capsules effective in preventing urinary tract infections in kidney transplant women?-Randomized trial [abstract no: MP716]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2016;31(Suppl 1):i577. [EMBASE: 72327567]
Ferrara 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ferrara P, Romaniello L, Vitelli O, Gatto A, Serva M, Cataldi L. Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections: a randomized controlled trial in children. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2009;43(5):369-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Foda 1995 {published data only}
    1. Foda MM, Middlebrook PF, Gatfield CT, Potvin G, Wells G, Schillinger JF. Efficacy of cranberry in prevention of urinary tract infection in a susceptible pediatric population. Canadian Journal of Urology 1995;2(1):98-102. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Foxman 2015 {published data only}
    1. English EM, Espiritu K, Seiler K, Morgan D, Berger MB, Cronenwett A, et al. Changes in lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence following benign gynecologic surgery [abstract no: 57]. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2018;218(2 Suppl 2):S929-30. [EMBASE: 621382530]
    1. Foxman B, Cronenwett AE, Spino C, Berger MB, Morgan DM. Cranberry juice capsules and urinary tract infection after surgery: results of a randomized trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2015;213(2):194-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Gallien 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gallien P, Amarenco G, Benoit N, Bonniaud V, Donze C, Kerdraon J, et al. Cranberry versus placebo in the prevention of urinary infections in multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Multiple Sclerosis 2014;20(9):1252-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haverkorn 1994 {published data only}
    1. Haverkorn MJ, Mandigers J. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria using cranberry juice. JAMA 1994;272(8):590. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hess 2008 {published data only}
    1. Hess MJ, Hess, PR, Sullivan MR, Nee M, Yalla SV. Evaluation of cranberry tablets for the prevention of urinary tract infections in spinal cord injured patients with neurogenic bladder. Spinal Cord 2008;46(9):622-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Juthani‐Mehta 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Juthani-Mehta M, Perley L, Chen S, Dziura J, Gupta K. Feasibility of cranberry capsule administration and clean-catch urine collection in long-term care residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(10):2028-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Juthani‐Mehta 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chughtai B, Howell AB, Thomas D, Blumberg JB. Efficacy of cranberry in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections: have we learned anything new?: Commentary on: Effect of cranberry capsules on bacteriuria plus pyuria among older women in nursing homes: a randomized clinical trial. Urology 2017;103:2-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Datta R, Advani S, Rink A, Bianco L, Van Ness PH, Quagliarello V, et al. Frequency of infection during fever episodes among long-term care residents. Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research 2018;7(2):467. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Juthani-Mehta M, Van Ness PH, Bianco L, Rink A, Rubeck S, Ginter S, et al. Effect of cranberry capsules on bacteriuria plus pyuria among older women in nursing homes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;316(18):1879-87. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kontiokari 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ 2001;322(7302):1571-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Koradia 2019 {published data only}
    1. Koradia P, Kapadia S, Trivedi Y, Chanchu G, Harper A. Probiotic and cranberry supplementation for preventing recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in premenopausal women: a controlled pilot study. Expert Review of Antiinfective Therapy 2019;17(9):733-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Linsenmeyer 2004 {published data only}
    1. Linsenmeyer TA, Harrison B, Oakley A, Kirshblum S, Stock JA, Millis SR. Evaluation of cranberry supplement for reduction of urinary tract infections in individuals with neurogenic bladders secondary to spinal cord injury. A prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2004;27(1):29-34. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lopes de Carvalho 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lopes De Carvalho L, Francavilla G, Motta R, Brichetto G. D-mannose, cranberry and vitamin C are effective in preventing urinary tract infections in multiple sclerosis subjects [abstract no: 108]. Multiple Sclerosis 2012;18(5):S12-3. [EMBASE: 70762266]
Maki 2016 {published data only}
    1. Maki KC, Kaspar KL, Khoo C, Derrig LH, Schild AL, Gupta K. Consumption of a cranberry juice beverage lowered the number of clinical urinary tract infection episodes in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection [Erratum in: Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Aug;106(2):708]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;103(6):1434-42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Maki KC, Nieman KM, Schild AL, Kaspar KL, Khoo C. The effect of cranberry juice consumption on the recurrence of urinary tract infection: relationship to baseline risk factors. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2018;37(2):121-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Nieman KM, Dicklin MR, Schild AL, Kaspar KL, Khoo C, Derrig LH, et al. Cranberry beverage consumption reduces antibiotic use for clinical urinary tract infection in women with a recent history of urinary tract infection [abstract]. FASEB Journal 2017;31(1 Suppl 1). [EMBASE: 616959251]
    1. Straub TJ, Chou WC, Manson AL, Schreiber HL 4th, Walker BJ, Desjardins CA, et al. Limited effects of long-term daily cranberry consumption on the gut microbiome in a placebo-controlled study of women with recurrent urinary tract infections. BMC Microbiology 2021;21(1):53. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
McGuiness 2002 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. McGuiness SD, Krone R, Metz LM. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cranberry supplements in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 2002;34(1):4-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00724988]
McMurdo 2005 {published data only}
    1. McMurdo ME, Bissett LY, Price RJ, Phillips G, Crombie IK. Does ingestion of cranberry juice reduce symptomatic urinary tract infections in older people in hospital? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Age & Ageing 2005;34(3):256-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McMurdo 2009 {published data only}80031108
    1. McMurdo ME, Argo I, Phillips G, Daly F, Davey P. Cranberry or trimethoprim for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections? A randomized controlled trial in older women. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009;63(2):389-95. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mohammed 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mohammed MB, Razzaq BA, Al-Naqqash MA, Jasim SY. Effects of cranberry-PACs against urinary problems associated with radiotherapy in Iraqi patients with bladder carcinoma. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review & Research 2016;39(2):179-88. [EMBASE: 611820126]
Mooren 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mooren ES, Liefers WJ, Leeuw JW. Cranberries after pelvic floor surgery for urinary tract infection prophylaxis: A randomized controlled trial. Neurourology & Urodynamics 2020;39(5):1543-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NAPRUTI 2011 {published data only}ISRCTN50717094
    1. Beerepoot MA, Stobberingh EE, Geerlings SE. A study of non-antibiotic versus antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent urinary-tract infections in women (the NAPRUTI study) [Onderzoek naar niet-antibiotische versus antibiotische profylaxe bij vrouwen met recidiverende urineweginfecties (de NAPRUTI-studie)]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 2006;150(10):574-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Beerepoot MA, ter Riet G, Nys S, Wal WM, Borgie CA, Reijke TM, et al. Cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized double-blind noninferiority trial in premenopausal women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(14):1270-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bosmans JE, Beerepoot MA, Prins JM, ter Riet G, Geerlings SE. Cost-effectiveness of cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2014;9(4):e91939. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gurley BJ. Cranberries as antibiotics?: Comment on "Cranberries vs antibiotics to prevent urinary tract infections: a randomized double-blind noninferiority trial in premenopausal women". Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(14):1279-80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Salo 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Salo J, Kontiokari T, Helminen M, Korppi M, Nieminen T, Pokka T, et al. Randomized trial of cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children [abstract no: P1356]. Clinical Microbiology & Infection 2010;16(Suppl 2):S385-6. [EMBASE: 70195963]
    1. Salo J, Uhari M, Helminen M, Korppi M, Nieminen T, Pokka T, et al. Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;54(3):340-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schlager 1999 {published data only}
    1. Schlager TA, Anderson S, Trudell J, Hendley JO. Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;135(6):698-702. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Scovell 2015 {published data only}
    1. Scovell J, Fletcher S, Stewart J, Khavari R. A prospective randomized double-blinded placebo control trial on the effects of cranberry supplementation on bacterial colonization and symptomatic urinary tract infections in females with neurogenic bladder dysfunction dependent on self catheterization [abstract no: PD8-07]. Journal of Urology 2015;193(4 Suppl 1):e192-3. [EMBASE: 71858240]
Sengupta 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sengupta K, Alluri KV, Golakoti T, Gottumukkala GV, Raavi J, Kotchrlakota L, et al. A randomized, double blind, controlled, dose dependent clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a proanthocyanidin standardized whole cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) powder on infections of the urinary tract. Current Bioactive Compounds 2011;7(1):39-46. [EMBASE: 361592064]
SINBA 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lee BB, Haran MJ, Hunt LM, Simpson JM, Marial O, Rutkowski SB, et al. Spinal-injured neuropathic bladder antisepsis (SINBA) trial. Spinal Cord 2007;45(8):542-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Singh 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gautam L, Singh I, Gautam LK, Kaur IR, Rai S, Joshi MK. Effect of oral cranberry extract (standardised proanthocyanidin-a) on the uropathogenic bacteria in urine of patients with subclinical/recurrent uti: A randomised placebo controlled clinical study [abstract no: UMP 01-07]. Indian Journal of Urology 2014;30(Suppl 1):S152. [EMBASE: 71491376]
    1. Singh I, Gautam LK, Kaur IR. Effect of oral cranberry extract (standardized proanthocyanidin-A) in patients with recurrent UTI by pathogenic E. coli: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical research study. International Urology & Nephrology 2016;48(9):1379-86. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stapleton 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Stapleton AE, Dziura J, Hooton TM, Cox ME, Yarova-Yarovaya Y, Chen S, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2012;87(2):143-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Stothers 2002 {published data only}
    1. Stothers L. A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women. Canadian Journal of Urology 2002;9(3):1558-62. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stothers 2016 {published data only}
    1. Stothers L, Brown P, Fenster H, Levine M, Berkowitz J. Dose response of cranberry in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections in women [abstract no: MP26-05]. Journal of Urology 2016;195(4 Suppl 1):e355. [EMBASE: 72239569]
    1. Stothers L, Brown P, Levine M, Fenster H, Berkowitz J. A randomized controlled trial examining dose response of cranberry in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections in women and human urine cranberry metabolites [abstract]. Canadian Urological Association Journal 2016;10(5-6 Suppl 1):S11. [EMBASE: 617745754]
    1. Stothers L, Levine M, Berkowitz J, Brown P. Patterns and costs of health care utilization before during and after exposure to cranberry for the prevention of urinary tract infection in women; Results from a randomized controlled clinical trial [abstract no: 019]. International Urogynecology Journal 2017;28(1 Suppl 1):S16-7. [EMBASE: 620165630]
    1. Stothers L, Levine M, Berkowitz J, Brown P. Patterns and costs of health care utilization prior, during and following exposure to cranberry in the prevention of female urinary tract infection: Results from a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) involving women with recurrent UTI [abstract no: MP76-20]. Journal of Urology 2018;199(4 Suppl 1):e1026. [EMBASE: 621736951]
Takahashi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Takahashi S, Hamasuna R, Yasuda M, Arakawa S, Tanaka K, Ishikawa K, et al. A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the preventive effect of cranberry juice (UR65) for patients with recurrent urinary tract infection [abstract no: P1402]. Clinical Microbiology & Infection 2011;17(Suppl 4):S394. [EMBASE: 70600071] - PubMed
    1. Takahashi S, Hamasuna R, Yasuda M, Arakawa S, Tanaka K, Ishikawa K, et al. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the preventive effect of cranberry juice (UR65) for patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. Journal of Infection & Chemotherapy 2013;19(1):112-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Takahashi S. Prevention of acute uncomplicated cystitis by cranberry juice [abstract no: AAUS24-03]. International Journal of Urology 2012;19(Suppl 1):410. [EMBASE: 70933820]
Temiz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Temiz Z, Cavdar I. The effects of training and the use of cranberry capsule in preventing urinary tract infections after urostomy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2018;31:111-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Uberos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez-Puentes V, Uberos J, Rodriguez-Belmonte R, Nogueras-Ocana M, Blanca-Jover E, Narbona-Lopez E. Efficacy and safety profile of cranberry in infants and children with recurrent urinary tract infection [Eficacia y perfil de seguridad del arandano americano en lactantes y ninos con infeccion urinaria recurrente]. Anales de Pediatria 2015;82(6):397-403. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Uberos J, Nogueras-Ocana M, Fernandez-Puentes V, Rodriguez-Belmonte R, Narbona-López E, Molina-Carballo A, et al. Cranberry syrup vs trimethoprim in the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections among children: a controlled trial. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials 2012;4:31–8. [EMBASE: 2012351759]
    1. Uberos J, Rodrguez-Belmonte R, Fernndez-Puentes V, Narbona-Lopez E, Molina-Carballo A, Munoz-Hoyos A. Cranberry syrup vs. trimethoprim in the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary infection: A double-blind randomized clinical trial [abstract no: PP004]. Acta Paediatrica 2010;99(Suppl 462):48. [EMBASE: 70313001]
    1. Uberos J, Rodríguez-Belmonte R, Rodríguez-Pérez C, Molina-Oya M, Blanca-Jover E, Narbona-López E, et al. Phenolic acid content and antiadherence activity in the urine of patients treated with cranberry syrup (Vaccinium macrocarpon) vs. trimethoprim for recurrent urinary tract infection. Journal of Functional Foods 2015;18(Part A):608-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.08.009] - DOI
Vostalova 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fromentin E, Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Galandakova A, Vrbkova J, Ulrichova J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of cranberry fruit powder (Pacran) in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in women [abstract]. FASEB Journal 2014;28(Suppl 1):639.4. [EMBASE: 71421087]
    1. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Vacek J, Kosina P, Vrbkova J, Ulrichova J, et al. The effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) on the recurrence urinary tract infection in women [abstract no: C39]. European Urology Supplements 2011;10(9):622. [EMBASE: 70572962]
    1. Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Simanek V, Galandakova A, Kosina P, Vacek J, et al. Are high proanthocyanidins key to cranberry efficacy in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection? Phytotherapy Research 2015;29(10):1559-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Waites 2004 {published data only}
    1. Waites KB, Canupp KC, Armstrong S, DeVivo MJ. Effect of cranberry extract on bacteriuria and pyuria in persons with neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2004;27(1):35-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Walker 1997 {published data only}
    1. Walker EB, Barney DP, Mickelsen JN, Walton RJ, Mickelsen RA Jr. Cranberry concentrate: UTI prophylaxis. Journal of Family Practice 1997;45(2):167-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wan KS, Liu CK, Lee WK, Ko MC, Huang CS. Cranberries for preventing recurrent urinary tract infections in uncircumcised boys. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine 2016;22(6):20-3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wing 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Leu SY, Zaldivar F. Comparison of urinary cytokines after ingestion of cranberry juice cocktail in pregnant subjects: a pilot study. American Journal of Perinatology 2010;27(2):137-42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Preslicka CW, Chung JH. Daily cranberry juice for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Journal of Urology 2008;180(4):1367-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Wing 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Hindra S, Guzman L, Le J, Nageotte M. Pilot study to evaluate compliance and tolerability of cranberry capsules in pregnancy for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2015;21(11):700-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wing DA, Rumney PPJ, Hindra S, Le J, Nageotte M. Evaluation of compliance and tolerability of cranberry capsules in pregnancy for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy [abstract no: T-119]. Reproductive Sciences 2015;22(Suppl 1):146A. [EMBASE: 71847498] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Amin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Amin K, Stothers L, Liu Y, Brown PN, Moskowitz D, Lucioni A, et al. Effect of whole fruit cranberry on urinary proanthocyanidin metabolites in healthy adult woman [abstract]. Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 2018;24(5 Suppl 1):S130-1. [EMBASE: 627772568]
    1. Amin K, Stothers L, Liu Y, Brown PN, Moskowitz D, Lucioni A, et al. Effect of whole fruit cranberry on urinary proanthocyanidin metabolites in women [abstract no: 36]. Neurourology & Urodynamics 2019;38(Suppl 1):S33-4. [EMBASE: 628916652]
Barnoiu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Barnoiu OS, Sequeira-Garcia Del Moral J, Sanchez-Martinez N, Diaz-Molina P, Flores-Sirvent L, Baena-Gonzalez V. American cranberry (proanthocyanidin 120 mg): its value for the prevention of urinary tracts infections after ureteral catheter placement. Actas Urologicas Espanolas 2015;39(2):112-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gunnarsson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gunnarsson AK, Gunningberg L, Larsson S, Jonsson KB. Cranberry juice concentrate does not significantly decrease the incidence of acquired bacteriuria in female hip fracture patients receiving urine catheter: a double-blind randomized trial. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2017;12:137-43. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hamilton 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hamilton K, Bennett NC, Purdie G, Herst PM. Standardized cranberry capsules for radiation cystitis in prostate cancer patients in New Zealand: a randomized double blinded, placebo controlled pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;23(1):95-102. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Howell 2010 {published data only}
    1. Howell AB, Botto H, Combescure C, Blanc-Potard AB, Gausa L, Matsumoto T, et al. Dosage effect on uropathogenic Escherichia coli anti-adhesion activity in urine following consumption of cranberry powder standardized for proanthocyanidin content: a multicentric randomized double blind study. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010;10:94. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Howell 2015 {published data only}
    1. Howell A, Souza D, Roller M, Fromentin E. Comparison of the anti-adhesion activity of three different cranberry extracts on uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, ex vivo, acute study. Natural Product Communications 2015;10(7):1215-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jackson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Jackson B, Hicks LE. Effect of cranberry juice on urinary pH in older adults. Home Healthcare Nurse 1997;15(3):199-202. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jass 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jass J, Reid G. Effect of cranberry drink on bacterial adhesion in vitro and vaginal microbiota in healthy females. Canadian Journal of Urology 2009;16(6):4901-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kaspar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kaspar KL, Howell AB, Khoo C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the bacterial anti-adhesion effects of cranberry extract beverages. Food & Function 2015;6(4):1212-17. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lavigne 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lavigne JP, Bourg G, Combescure C, Botto H, Sotto A. In-vitro and in-vivo evidence of dose-dependent decrease of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence after consumption of commercial Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) capsules. Clinical Microbiology & Infection 2008;14(4):350-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Letouzey 2017 {published data only}
    1. Botto H, Howell AB. Re: Cranberry capsules to prevent nosocomial urinary tract bacteriuria after pelvic surgery: a randomised controlled trial: Cranberry for prevention of bacteriuria? BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2017;124(12):1907. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Letouzey V, Ulrich D, Demattei C, Alonso S, Huberlant S, Lavigne JP, et al. Authors' reply re: Cranberry capsules to prevent nosocomial urinary tract bacteriuria after pelvic surgery: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2017;124(12):1908. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Letouzey V, Ulrich D, Demattei C, Alonso S, Huberlant S, Lavigne JP, et al. Cranberry capsules to prevent nosocomial urinary tract bacteriuria after pelvic surgery: a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2017;124(6):912-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2019b {published data only}
    1. Liu H, Howell AB, Zhang DJ, Khoo C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess bacterial anti-adhesive activity in human urine following consumption of a cranberry supplement. Food & Function 2019;10(12):7645-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Liu H, Khoo C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the urinary anti-adhesion activity following consumption of cranberry + healthTM cranberry supplement (P06-114-19) [abstract]. Current Developments in Nutrition 2019;3(Suppl 1):nzz031. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz031.P06-114-19] - DOI
NCT01079169 {published data only}
    1. NCT01079169. Effect of cranberry capsules on urinary infection rates in spinal cord injured patients during post acute rehabilitation [Evaluation of the effect of cranberry capsules on the occurrence of urinary tract infections during post-acute rehabilitation of spinal cord injured patients]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01079169 (accessed 22 July 2016).
Occhipinti 2016 {published data only}
    1. Occhipinti A, Germano A, Maffei ME. Prevention of urinary tract infection with Oximacro, a cranberry extract with a high content of a-type proanthocyanidins: a pre-clinical double-blind controlled study. Urology Journal 2016;13(2):2640-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Radulescu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Radulescu D, David C, Turcu FL, Spataru DM, Popescu P, Vacaroiu IA. Combination of cranberry extract and D-mannose - possible enhancer of uropathogen sensitivity to antibiotics in acute therapy of urinary tract infections: results of a pilot study. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine 2020;20(4):3399-406. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Russo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Russo E, Montt GM, Giannini A, Mannella P, Palla G, Caretto M, et al. Cranberry, D-mannose and anti-inflammatory agents prevent lower urinary tract symptoms in women undergoing prolapse surgery. Climacteric 2019;23(2):201-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sappal 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sappal S, Goetz LL, Vince R, Klausner AP. Randomized trial of concentrated proanthocyanidins (PAC) for acute reduction of bacteriuria in male veterans with spinal cord injury utilizing clean intermittent catheterization. Spinal Cord Series & Cases 2018;4:58. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Schultz 1984 {published data only}
    1. Schultz A. Efficacy of cranberry juice and ascorbic acid in acidifying the urine in multiple sclerosis subjects. Journal of Community Health Nursing 1984;1(3):159-69. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tempera 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tempera G, Corsello S, Genovese C, Caruso FE, Nicolosi D. Inhibitory activity of cranberry extract on the bacterial adhesiveness in the urine of women: an ex-vivo study. International Journal of Immunopathology & Pharmacology 2010;23(2):611-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Valentova 2007 {published data only}
    1. Valentova K, Stejskal D, Bednar P, Vostalova J, Cihalik C, Vecerova R, et al. Biosafety, antioxidant status, and metabolites in urine after consumption of dried cranberry juice in healthy women: a pilot double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 2007;55(8):3217-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vidlar 2010 {published data only}
    1. Vidlar A, Vostalova J, Ulrichova J, Student V, Stejskal D, Reichenbach R, et al. The effectiveness of dried cranberries ( Vaccinium macrocarpon) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(8):1181-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Cotellese 2023 {published data only}
    1. Cotellese R, Ledda A, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Scipione C, Scipione V, et al. Anthocran® Phytosome®: prevention of recurring urinary infections and symptoms after catheterization. Journal of Dietary Supplements 2023;20(1):55-67. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1972074] [EMBASE: 636356756] - DOI - PubMed
Hakkola 2023 {published data only}
    1. Hakkola M, Vehvilinen P, Muotka J, Tejesvi MV, Pokka T, Vhasarja P, et al. Cranberry-lingonberry juice affects the gut and urinary microbiome in children - a randomized controlled trial. APMIS 2023;131(3):112-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Madhavan 2021 {published data only}
    1. Madhavan K, Rustagi S, Jena R, Singh UP, Ansari MS, Srivastava A, et al. A prospective randomized study to define the role of low dose continuous prophylactic antibiotics and anti-adherence agents in altering the microbial colonization related to indwelling double-J stents. Asian Journal of Urology 2021;8(3):269-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12605000626662 {published data only}
    1. Hassell S. Cranberry capsules for the prevention of urinary tract infection in an elderly population [A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of cranberry capsules to prevent urinary tract infection in an elderly population]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12605000626662 (first received 11 Oct 2005).
Amador‐Mulero 2014 {published data only}
    1. Amador-Mulero L, De Santiago CB, Ferreiro-Garcia C, Fontan-Azpeitia M, Garcia-Diaz MJ, Garcia-Trabajo E, et al. Effectiveness of red cranberries ingestion on urinary tract infections in pregnant women [Efectividad de la ingestion de arandano rojo sobre las infecciones del tracto urinario en embarazadas]. Matronas Profesion 2014;15(2):50-5. [EMBASE: 373741052]
ISRCTN55813586 {published data only}55813586
    1. Chang A. Clinical dosage and effectiveness Study of ShanStar® cranberry supplement for prevention and treatment against women's urinary tract infections. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN55813586 (accessed 15 March 2015). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN55813586] - DOI
NCT00100061 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00100061. Effects of cranberry-containing products in women with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) [Dose response to cranberry of women with recurrent UTIs]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00100061 (first received 22 December 2004).
NCT00247104 {published data only}
    1. Hochner-Celnikier D, Elchalal U. The use of cranberries in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00247104 (first received 31 Oct 2005).
NCT03597152 {published data only}
    1. D'Anna R. Nutritional supplementation for recurrent urinary tract infections in women [Nutritional supplementation for extending time between recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a randomized double blind cross-over trial]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03597152 (first received 24 July 2018).
NCT05730998 {published data only}
    1. NCT05730998. Cranberry for the prevention of urinary tract infections [The beneficial effects of a cranberry-based oral nutritional supplement on the prevention of urinary tract infections in diabetic subjects]. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05730998 (first received 16 February 2023). [CENTRAL: CN-02524730]

Additional references

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References to other published versions of this review

Jepson 1998a
    1. Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 2. - PubMed
Jepson 2003
    1. Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No: CD001321. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Jepson 2004
    1. Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2. Art. No: CD001321. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Jepson 2008
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Jepson 2012
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