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Review
. 2023 Apr 18:25:e43617.
doi: 10.2196/43617.

Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature

Will Ke Wang  1 , Lucia Cesnakova  2 , Jennifer C Goldsack  2 , Jessilyn Dunn  1   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Defining the Digital Measurement of Scratching During Sleep or Nocturnal Scratching: Review of the Literature

Will Ke Wang et al. J Med Internet Res. .

Abstract

Background: Digital sensing solutions represent a convenient, objective, relatively inexpensive method that could be leveraged for assessing symptoms of various health conditions. Recent progress in the capabilities of digital sensing products has targeted the measurement of scratching during sleep, traditionally referred to as nocturnal scratching, in patients with atopic dermatitis or other skin conditions. Many solutions measuring nocturnal scratch have been developed; however, a lack of efforts toward standardization of the measure's definition and contextualization of scratching during sleep hampers the ability to compare different technologies for this purpose.

Objective: We aimed to address this gap and bring forth unified measurement definitions for nocturnal scratch.

Methods: We performed a narrative literature review of definitions of scratching in patients with skin inflammation and a targeted literature review of sleep in the context of the period during which such scratching occurred. Both searches were limited to English language studies in humans. The extracted data were synthesized into themes based on study characteristics: scratch as a behavior, other characterization of the scratching movement, and measurement parameters for both scratch and sleep. We then developed ontologies for the digital measurement of sleep scratching.

Results: In all, 29 studies defined inflammation-related scratching between 1996 and 2021. When cross-referenced with the results of search terms describing the sleep period, only 2 of these scratch-related papers also described sleep-related variables. From these search results, we developed an evidence-based and patient-centric definition of nocturnal scratch: an action of rhythmic and repetitive skin contact movement performed during a delimited time period of intended and actual sleep that is not restricted to any specific time of the day or night. Based on the measurement properties identified in the searches, we developed ontologies of relevant concepts that can be used as a starting point to develop standardized outcome measures of scratching during sleep in patients with inflammatory skin conditions.

Conclusions: This work is intended to serve as a foundation for the future development of unified and well-described digital health technologies measuring nocturnal scratching and should enable better communication and sharing of results between various stakeholders taking part in research in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin conditions.

Keywords: atopic dermatitis; dermatitis; literature review; nocturnal scratching; ontologies; outcomes measurement; pruritis; quality of life; review method; scratch; systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: LC and JCG are employees of the Digital Medicine Society (DiMe), a nonprofit organization that aims to advance the safe, effective, equitable, and ethical use of digital medicine to optimize human health. JD is an advisor to Veri, the manufacturer of an app that aims to help consumers make informed decisions about their health. WKW declares no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Literature search and screening pipeline.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proposed ontology for digital measurement of sleep. COA: clinical outcome assessment; EEG: electroencephalogram; NREM: non–rapid eye movement; PSG: polysomnography; REM: rapid eye movement.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Proposed ontology for digital measurement of dermatitis-related scratching.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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