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. 2023 Apr 19;13(4):e070454.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070454.

Behavioural factors associated with fear of litigation as a driver for the increased use of caesarean sections: a scoping review

Sarah Elaraby  1   2 , Elena Altieri  2 , Soo Downe  3 , Joanna Erdman  4 , Sunny Mannava  5 , Gill Moncrieff  3 , B R Shamanna  5 , Maria Regina Torloni  6 , Ana Pilar Betran  7
Affiliations

Behavioural factors associated with fear of litigation as a driver for the increased use of caesarean sections: a scoping review

Sarah Elaraby et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: To explore the behavioural drivers of fear of litigation among healthcare providers influencing caesarean section (CS) rates.

Design: Scoping review.

Data sources: We searched MEDLINE, Scopus and WHO Global Index (1 January 2001 to 9 March 2022).

Data extraction and synthesis: Data were extracted using a form specifically designed for this review and we conducted content analysis using textual coding for relevant themes. We used the WHO principles for the adoption of a behavioural science perspective in public health developed by the WHO Technical Advisory Group for Behavioural Sciences and Insights to organise and analyse the findings. We used a narrative approach to summarise the findings.

Results: We screened 2968 citations and 56 were included. Reviewed articles did not use a standard measure of influence of fear of litigation on provider's behaviour. None of the studies used a clear theoretical framework to discuss the behavioural drivers of fear of litigation. We identified 12 drivers under the three domains of the WHO principles: (1) cognitive drivers: availability bias, ambiguity aversion, relative risk bias, commission bias and loss aversion bias; (2) social and cultural drivers: patient pressure, social norms and blame culture and (3) environmental drivers: legal, insurance, medical and professional, and media. Cognitive biases were the most discussed drivers of fear of litigation, followed by legal environment and patient pressure.

Conclusions: Despite the lack of consensus on a definition or measurement, we found that fear of litigation as a driver for rising CS rates results from a complex interaction between cognitive, social and environmental drivers. Many of our findings were transferable across geographical and practice settings. Behavioural interventions that consider these drivers are crucial to address the fear of litigation as part of strategies to reduce CS.

Keywords: maternal medicine; public health; qualitative research.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of process of study identification and inclusion.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conceptual framework for the classification of drivers of fear of litigation under the three domains defined in the WHO principles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of citations supporting each driver among 56 citations included in this scoping review. CS, caesarean section.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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