Cardiac Outpouchings: Practical Approach to Normal Variants and Pathologic Conditions at CT and MRI

Abstract

Numerous entities, both structural and pathologic, can manifest as a contrast material- or blood-filled cardiac outpouching at imaging. These outpouchings often resemble one another and are frequently unfamiliar to imagers and clinicians, creating uncertainty when detected. Furthermore, the diagnostic criteria for conditions such as hernia, aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, and diverticulum have not been consistently applied in studies and reports cited in the literature describing these outpouchings, adding to the confusion among general and cardiothoracic imagers. Pouches and outpouchings are commonly found incidentally on thoracic and abdominal CT scans obtained for other reasons. Many pouches and outpouchings can be confidently diagnosed or ignored at routine imaging, whereas others may require further evaluation with electrocardiographically gated CT, cardiac MRI, or echocardiography for a more definitive diagnosis. It is easiest to group and diagnose these entities on the basis of their cardiac chamber location or their involvement with the interatrial and interventricular septa. Ancillary features, such as motion, morphology, neck and body size, presence or absence of thrombus, and late gadolinium enhancement characteristics, are important in reaching a correct diagnosis. The aim of this article is to provide a practical guide to pouches and outpouchings of the heart. Each entity is defined according to its cause, imaging characteristics, clinical significance, and relevant associated findings. Mimics of cardiac pouches and outpouchings such as the Bachmann bundle, atrial veins, and thebesian vessels also are briefly discussed. Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. ^©RSNA, 2023.