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. 2023 Apr 4:14:1133241.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1133241. eCollection 2023.

Comprehensive profiling of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China, 2015-2021

Lili Guo  1   2 , Tianan Xiao  3 , Liqin Wu  3 , Yan Li  4 , Xiaoxiao Duan  4 , Wenhua Liu  1 , Kaidi Liu  5 , Wenjie Jin  5 , Hao Ren  5 , Jian Sun  5 , Yahong Liu  5 , Xiaoping Liao  5 , Yongda Zhao  1
Affiliations

Comprehensive profiling of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China, 2015-2021

Lili Guo et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Introduction: Salmonella is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen and mainly transmitted to human farm-to-fork chain through contaminated foods of animal origin.

Methods: In this study, we investigated the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella from China.

Results: A total of 617 Salmonella isolates were collected from 4 major food animal species across 23 provi nces in China from 2015-2021. Highest Salmonella prevalence were observed in Guangdong (44.4%) and Sandong (23.7%). Chickens (43.0%) was shown to be the major source of Salmonella contamination, followed by pigs (34.5%) and ducks (18.5%). The number of Salmonella increased significantly from 5.51% to 27.23% during 2015-2020. S. Derby (17.3%), S. Enteritidis (13.1%) and S. Typhimurium (11.4%) were the most common serotypes among 41 serotypes identifiedin this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showing that the majority of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to neomycin (99.7%), tetracycline (98.1%), ampicillin (97.4%), sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (97.1%), nalidixic acid (89.1%), doxycycline (83.1%), ceftria xone (70.3%), spectinomycin (67.7%), florfenicol (60.0%), cefotaxime (52.0%) and lomefloxacin (59.8%). The rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics in S. Derby and S.Typhimurium were higher than that in S. Enteritidis. However, the rate of resistance to fosfomycin were observed from higher to lower by S. Derby, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhimurium. Biofilm formation ability analysis found that 88.49%of the Salmonella were able to produce biofilms, of which 236 Salmonella isolates were strong biofilm producer. Among the 26 types of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) were identified in this study, 4 ARGs (tetB,sul2,aadA2, and aph(3')-IIa) were highly prevalent. In addition, 5 β-lactam resistance genes (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CMY-2, bla CTX-M, and bla OXA) and 7 quinolone resistance genes (oqxA, oqxB, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qeqA) were detected among these isolates. 12 out of 17 virulence genes selected in this study were commonly presented in the chromosomes of tested isolate, with a detection rate of over 80%, including misL, spiA, stn, pagC, iroN, fim, msgA, sopB, prgH, sitC, ttrC, spaN.

Discussion: This study provided a systematical updating on surveillance on prevalence of Salmonella from food animals in China, shedding the light on continued vigilance for Salmonella in food animals.

Keywords: Salmonella; biofilm formation; resistance genes; resistance phenotypes; virulence genes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographic presentation of Salmonella isolates collected from food animals across different provinces of China.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The prevalence of 617 Salmonella isolates from food animals in China. (A) The detection rates of Salmonella isolates in diffierent hosts. (B) The detection rates of Salmonella isolates in different body sites. (C) The annual number of Salmonella isolates in 2015 ~ 2021. (D) The detection rates of various serovars in 617 Salmonella isolates.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phenotypic resistance profile of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China. (A) The percentage of antibiotics resistance phenotypes in 617 Salmonella isolates. (B) The different of antibiotics resistance phenotypes between S. Derby, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. AMP, ampicillin; CTX, cefotaxime; CRO, ceftriaxone; ATM, aztreonam; AMK, amikacin; GEN, gentamicin; SPT, spectinomycin; NEO, neomycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; ENR, enrofloxacin; NOR, norfloxacin; LEV, levofloxacin; LOM, lomefloxacin; GAT, gatifloxacin; NAL, nalidixic acid; TET, tetracycline; DOX, doxycycline; FFC, florfenicol; AZM, azithromycin; FOS, phosphonomycin; CS, colistin; MEM, meropenem; S/T, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The analysis of ARGs among 617 Salmonella islolates from food animals in China. The yellow squares represent positivity for ARGs.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The analysis of virulence genes among 617 Salmonella islolates from food animals in China. The blue squares represent positivity for ARGs.
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