Evaluating sex-differences in the prevalence and associated factors of mood disorders in Canada

Abstract

Background: We assessed the sex-differences in the prevalence and associated factors of mood disorders in Canada using a nationally representative survey, focusing on identity characteristics and socioeconomic factors.

Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2017-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) - Annual Component was conducted using Gender-Based Analysis Plus, which is an analytical process for incorporating various intersecting identity factors into research, programs, and policies. The presence of mood disorders was assessed through self-reporting. Factors associated with mood disorders were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis after the application of sampling and bootstrap weights.

Results: The CCHS was completed by 113,290 Canadians, representative of 98 % of the population over the age of 12. Self-reported mood disorders were more prevalent among females than males (11.0 % vs 6.4 %, p < 0.001). Adjusted regression analysis revealed higher odds of reporting mood disorders for those who were female, unemployed, non-immigrant, non-White, smokers, homosexual or bisexual, had lower income, suffered from food insecurity, had a disability and weak sense of community belonging. Employment and higher income were more protective against mood disorders among males than females, and the association of older age with mood disorders was stronger in males than in females.

Limitations: Mood disorders were assessed through self-reporting, and certain population groups were excluded from the survey.

Conclusions: Females in Canada are affected by mood disorders at higher rates than males and certain factors have differential associations with mood disorders among the sexes. Strategies targeting mental disorders must be tailored towards the needs of specific groups.

Keywords: Mental health; Mood disorders; Sex-differences; Social determinants; Socioeconomic factors.