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Review
. 2023 Jun;44(2):407-423.
doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.11.018. Epub 2023 Feb 26.

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Respiratory Infections

Ashley Losier  1 , Gayatri Gupta  2 , Mario Caldararo  3 , Charles S Dela Cruz  2
Affiliations
Review

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Respiratory Infections

Ashley Losier et al. Clin Chest Med. 2023 Jun.

Abstract

Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains an ongoing threat, concerns regarding other respiratory infections remain. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic various epidemiologic trends have been observed in other respiratory viruses including a reduction in influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections following onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Observations suggest that infections with other respiratory viruses were reduced with social distancing, mask wearing, eye protection, and hand hygiene practices. Coinfections with COVID-19 exist not only with other respiratory viruses but also with bacterial pneumonias and other nosocomial and opportunistic infections. Coinfections have been associated with increased severity of illness and other adverse outcomes.

Keywords: Bacterial pneumonia; COVID-19; Coinfections; Influenza; Respiratory syncytial virus; Social distancing.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Comparison of influenza seasons in the United States with compilation of data from WHO FluNet and CDC FluView between 2018 and 2022, , , , including (A) total number of cases, (B) total number of deaths, and (C) total number of positive specimens at peak week.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The complex interplay of factors predisposing to bacterial pulmonary superinfection. GI, gastrointestinal.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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