Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2023 Aug;112(8):1096-1107.
doi: 10.1007/s00392-023-02199-z. Epub 2023 Apr 22.

Simple and safe digitoxin dosing in heart failure based on data from the DIGIT-HF trial

Udo Bavendiek #  1 , Anika Großhennig #  2 , Johannes Schwab  3 , Dominik Berliner  4 , Xiaofei Liu  2 , Lars Maier  5 , Thomas Gaspar  6 , Andreas Rieth  7 , Sebastian Philipp  8 , Rainer Hambrecht  9 , Ralf Westenfeld  10 , Thomas Münzel  11 , Sebastian Winkler  12 , Martin Hülsmann  13 , Dirk Westermann  14 , Marja Zdravkovic  15 , Ralf Lichtinghagen  16 , Heiko von der Leyen  17 , Silke Zimmermann  18 , Christian Veltmann  19 , Michael Böhm  20 , Stefan Störk  21 , Armin Koch  2 , Johann Bauersachs  4
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Simple and safe digitoxin dosing in heart failure based on data from the DIGIT-HF trial

Udo Bavendiek et al. Clin Res Cardiol. 2023 Aug.

Abstract

Background: The present study aimed to develop a simple dosing score when starting the cardiac glycoside digitoxin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) employing first data from the randomized, double-blinded DIGIT-HF trial.

Methods and results: In DIGIT-HF, digitoxin was started with a dose of 0.07 mg once daily (o.d.) in all patients. For score derivation, 317 patients were analyzed who had been randomized to digitoxin. In these patients, after scheduled determination of serum levels at study week 6, the digitoxin dose had remained unchanged or had been reduced to 0.05 mg o.d. (97% of patients) to achieve serum concentrations within a predefined range (10.5-23.6 nmol/l). In logistic regression analyses, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were associated with need for dose reduction and, therefore, selected for further developing the dosing score. Optimal cut-points were derived from ROC curve analyses. Finally, female sex, age ≥ 75 years, eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2, and BMI < 27 kg/m2 each were assigned one point for the digitoxin dosing score. A score of ≥ 1 indicated the need for dose reduction with sensitivity/specificity of 81.6%/49.7%, respectively. Accuracy was confirmed in a validation data set including 64 patients randomized to digitoxin yielding sensitivity/specificity of 87.5%/37.5%, respectively.

Conclusion: In patients with HFrEF, treatment with digitoxin should be started at 0.05 mg o.d. in subjects with either female sex, eGFR < 50 ml/min/1.73m2, BMI < 27 kg/m2, or age ≥ 75 years. In any other patient, digitoxin may be safely started at 0.07 mg o.d.

Keywords: Cardiac glycosides; Clinical trial; Digitoxin; Dose titration; Heart failure.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

U.B. and J.B. represent the study heads of the DIGIT-HF-study and applied for funding of DIGIT-HF described above. U.B., J.B., A.K. H. v. d. L., C. V., M. B. and S.S. are members of the DIGIT-HF trial steering committee. U.B. received travel support and honoraria for lectures/consulting from Alnylam Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer Vital, Novartis, and Pfizer and institutional research support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, all not related to the current manuscript. J.B. has received honoraria for lectures/consulting from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior, Corvia, CVRx, Novartis, Pfizer, Vifor and institutional research support from Zoll, CVRx, Abiomed, all not related to the current manuscript. MB is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation; TTR 219, project number 322900939) and reports personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Medtronic, Novartis, ReCor, Servier and Vifor during the conduct of the study. A.J.R. received honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca and Bayer, and travel support from Johnson&Johnson and Servier, all not related to the current manuscript. C.V. received honoraria for lectures/consulting from Abbott, Bayer, Biotronik, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, CVRx and Medtronic, all not related to the current manuscript. H.v.L is serving as medical director of Orgenesis, Inc, unrelated to the current manuscript. L.S.M. has no conflicts of interest with respect to the drug studied in this trial. MH received speakerhonoraria, grants and advisory honoraria form Roche Diagnostics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Vifor, Biopeutics, Sandoz, Baxter. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Overview of selection of analysis population. * including deaths, adverse or serious adverse events leading to exclusion for further study participation, exclusion due to decision of the principal investigator, withdrawal of informed consent, lost to follow-ups, other or unknown (not documented) reasons
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Diagnostic accuracy of dose reduction estimated by ROC curves of age, BMI, and eGFR. BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI), ROC receiver operating characteristic
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Scheme of digitoxin dosing score and digitoxin dosing at initiation of therapy. BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:373–498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kotecha D, Bunting KV, Gill SK, et al. Effect of digoxin vs bisoprolol for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation on patient-reported quality of life: the RATE-AF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:2497–2508. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.23138. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Patel N, Ju C, Macon C, et al. Temporal trends of digoxin use in patients hospitalized with heart failure: analysis from the American Heart Association get with the guidelines-heart failure registry. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:348–356. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.12.003. - DOI - PubMed
    1. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. The Digitalis Investigation Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:525–533. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199702203360801 - PubMed

Publication types