Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Apr 6:11:1151656.
doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1151656. eCollection 2023.

Investigating the effect of synthesis selection on O3-sodium layered oxide structural changes and electrochemical properties

L Acebo  1   2 , N E Drewett  1 , D Saurel  1 , F Bonilla  1 , T Rojo  2 , M Galceran  1
Affiliations

Investigating the effect of synthesis selection on O3-sodium layered oxide structural changes and electrochemical properties

L Acebo et al. Front Chem. .

Abstract

Transition metal (TM) layered oxides constitute a promising family of materials for use in Na-ion battery cathodes. Here O3-Na (Ni1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3) O2 was synthesised using optimised sol-gel and solid-state routes, and the physico- and electrochemical natures of the resulting materials were thoroughly studied. Significant differences in electrochemical behaviour were observed, and the use of in operando XRD determined this stemmed from the suppression of the P3 phase in the sol-gel material during cycling. This was attributable to differences in the degree of transition metal migration in the materials ensuing from the selection of synthetic route. This demonstrates that not only the choice of material, but also that of synthesis route, can have dramatic impact on the resulting structural and electrochemical nature, making such considerations critical in the future development of advanced Na-ion cathode materials.

Keywords: electrochemical characterization; insertion mechanism; layered oxide cathodes; phase change suppression; sodium-ion batteries; structural characterization; synthesis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
PXRD patterns and SEM images of O3-NaNMF synthesized via solid-sate (O3-NaMF-SS) and sol-gel (O3-NaMF-SG) routes.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
TEM images of the characteristic particles, EDX measurements and SAED patterns for (A–C) O3-NaNMF-SS and (D–F) O3-NaNMF-SG. Selected areas, where EDX measurements and electron diffraction patterns have been carried out, are highlighted. EDX quantifications are presented in atomic percentages and the values are normalized with respect to the values of Ni, Mn, Fe (G) The simulation of the habit of the particles.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Cyclability plots of O3-NaNMFO-SS (dark turquoise) and O3-NaNMFO-SG (orange) at C/10.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Differential capacity plots and load curves for O3-NaNMFO-SS (dark turquoise) and O3-NaNMFO-SG (orange) at C/10.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Cyclability plots of O3-NaNMFO-SS (dark turquoise) and O3-NaNMFO-SG (orange) at 1C.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Differential capacity plots and load curves for O3-NaNMFO-SS (dark turquoise) and O3-NaNMFO-SG (orange) at 1C.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Operando XRD taken during the first cycle charge of (A) O3-NaNMFO-SS and (B) O3-NaNMFO-SG. The black arrows indicate the moment when the (003) peak starts to shift to larger angle.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Results from the coupled PITT-EIS experiment of (A) O3-NaNMF-SS and (B) O3-NaNMF-SG. Main panels: PITT curve for five cycles. Insets: EIS pattern at the end of each PITT charge (4 V).
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Ex-situ XRD patterns of O3-NaNMF-SS of O3-NaNMF-SG pristine electrodes as well as the cycled ones after 100 cycles at 2 V and their corresponding SEM images.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bauer A., Song J., Vail S., Pan W., Barker J., Lu Y. (2018). The scale-up and commercialization of nonaqueous Na-ion battery technologies. Adv. Energy Mater. 8 (17), 1702869. 10.1002/aenm.201702869 - DOI
    1. Berlanga C., Monterrubio I., Armand M., Rojo T., Galceran M., Casas-Cabanas M. (2020). Cost-effective synthesis of triphylite -NaFePO 4 cathode: A zero-waste process. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8 (2), 725–730. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05736 - DOI
    1. Bréger J., Dupre N., Chupas P. J., Lee P. L., Proffen T., Parise J. B., et al. (2005). Short- and long-range order in the positive electrode material, Li(NiMn) 0.5 O 2: A joint X-ray and neutron diffraction, pair distribution function analysis and NMR study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (20), 7529–7537. 10.1021/ja050697u - DOI - PubMed
    1. Che H., Yang X., Wang H., Liao X. Z., Zhang S. S., Wang C., et al. (2018). Long cycle life of sodium-ion pouch cell achieved by using multiple electrolyte additives. J. Power Sources 407, 173–179. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.08.025 - DOI
    1. Chen G., Huang Q., Wu T., Lu L. (2020). Polyanion sodium vanadium phosphate for next generation of sodium‐ion batteries—a review. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (34), 2001289. 10.1002/adfm.202001289 - DOI

LinkOut - more resources