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Review
. 2023 Apr 5:14:1152855.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152855. eCollection 2023.

Research progress in the development of natural-product-based mucosal vaccine adjuvants

Yingying Gao  1 , Ying Guo  1
Affiliations
Review

Research progress in the development of natural-product-based mucosal vaccine adjuvants

Yingying Gao et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Mucosal vaccines have great potential and advantages in preventing infection caused by multiple pathogens. In developing mucosal vaccines, the biggest challenge comes from finding safe and effective adjuvants and drug delivery systems. Great progress has been made in the generation of mucosal adjuvants using detoxified bacterial toxin derivatives, pathogen-related molecules, cytokines, and various vaccine delivery systems. However, many problems, relating to the safety and efficacy of mucosal vaccine adjuvants, remain. Certain natural substances can boost the immune response and thus could be used as adjuvants in vaccination. These natural-product-based immune adjuvants have certain advantages over conventional adjuvants, such as low toxicity, high stability, and low cost of production. In this review, we summarize the latest natural-product-based immune adjuvants, and discuss their properties and clinical applications.

Keywords: adjuvants; mucosal vaccines; natural-product-based; polysaccharides; saponins.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Paradigm of APS as Mucosal Immune Adjuvant. (i) Adjuvants are recognized by the TLR2 ligand of DCs and promote naive T differentiation. (ii) Th cells promote B cell differentiation into plasmacells which secrete IgA or IgG. (iii) DCs presents antigens that promote the transformation of CD8 cells into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
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