IMMUNOREACT 5: female patients with rectal cancer have better immune editing mechanisms than male patients - a cohort study

Abstract

Background: Studies evaluating sex differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment are limited, and no previous study has focused on rectal cancer patients' constitutive immune surveillance mechanisms. The authors aimed to assess gender-related differences in the immune microenvironment of rectal cancer patients.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted up to 31 May 2021, including studies focusing on gender-related differences in the CRC tumor microenvironment. Data on the mutational profile of rectal cancer were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A subanalysis of the two IMMUNOREACT trials (NCT04915326 and NCT04917263) was performed, aiming to detect gender-related differences in the immune microenvironment of the healthy mucosa in patients with early (IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort) and locally advanced rectal cancer following neoadjuvant therapy (IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort). In the retrospective IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort (therapy naive), the authors enrolled 442 patients (177 female and 265 male), while in the retrospective IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort (patients who had neoadjuvant therapy), we enrolled 264 patients (80 female and 184 male). In the prospective IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort (therapy naive), the authors enrolled 72 patients (26 female and 46 male), while in the prospective IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort (patients who had neoadjuvant therapy), the authors enrolled 105 patients (42 female and 63 male).

Results: Seven studies reported PD-L1 expression in the CRC microenvironment, but no significant difference could be identified between the sexes. In the TGCA series, mutations of SYNE1 and RYR2 were significantly more frequent in male patients with rectal cancer. In the IMMUNOREACT 1 cohort, male patients had a higher expression of epithelial cells expressing HLA class I, while female patients had a higher number of activated CD4+Th1 cells. Female patients in the IMMUNOREACT 2 cohort showed a higher infiltration of epithelial cells expressing CD86 and activated cytotoxic T cells (P=0.01).

Conclusions: Male patients have more frequent oncogene mutations associated with a lower expression of T-cell activation genes. In the healthy mucosa of female patients, more Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells suggest a potentially better immune response to the tumor. Sex should be considered when defining the treatment strategy for rectal cancer patients or designing prognostic scores.

Figure 1

(A) PRISMA flowchart describing the different steps of the studies selection. (B) Selected studies characteristics.

Figure 2

(A) Forrest plot describes the relationship between PD-L1 expression and sex, respectively. Funnel plot describes the risk of bias of the meta-analysis. (B) Forrest plots describes the relationship between PD-1 expression and sex, respectively. Funnel plot describes the risk of bias of the meta-analysis. PD-L1 and PD-1 expression have been dichotomized in the different studies but the cutoff values are not homogeneous.

Figure 3

Analysis on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) panCancer Atlas (2018) rectal cancer series (READ). (A) Genes with the highest average frequency of mutations in rectal cancer patients. (B) Among these genes, two, SYNE1 and RYR2, have a higher frequency of mutation in male patients. (C) Effect of mutations of RYR2 on PD-L1 mRNA expression: PD-L1 mRNA expression is higher in male patients with mutated RYR2. (D) Effect of mutations of SYNE1 on PD-L1 and CTLA-4 mRNA expression. PD-L1 and CTLA-4 mRNA levels are higher in male patients with mutated SYNE1.

Figure 4

Analysis of the IMMUNOREACT 1 and 2 cohort. (4.1A) The proportion of epithelial cells acting as antigen-presenting cells (CK+HLA ABC+) is higher males in therapy naive rectal cancer series. (4.1B) The proportion of activated CD4+Th1-cell (T-bet+) is higher in females in therapy naïve rectal cancer series. (4.1C) Overall survival tends to be better in females in therapy naive rectal cancer series. (4.2A) The proportion of epithelial cells acting as antigen-presenting cells (CK+CD86+) is higher in female patients who had neoadjuvant therapy. (4.2B) The proportion of activated CD8+T cells (CD8+CD28+) is higher in female patients who had neoadjuvant therapy. (4.2C) Overall survival tends to be better in females patients who had neoadjuvant therapy.

Figure 5

Difference in local immune response against rectal cancer between males and females. These difference may justify a tendency of a better outcome in female patients with rectal cancer.