Declining life expectancy in the Great Lakes region: contributors to Black and white longevity change across educational attainment

Abstract

Background: The East North Central Census division (aka the Great Lakes region) experienced a decrease in life expectancy of 0.3 years from 2014 to 2016 - one of the largest declines across the nine Census divisions. Disadvantaged groups that typically have below-average life expectancy, including Black individuals and those without a college education, may have been disproportionately affected by this longevity shift. This investigation examines life expectancy changes among different sex, race, and education groups in the Great Lakes region, and how specific causes of death contributed to within-group longevity changes over time and across age.

Methods: We used 2008 to 2017 death counts from the National Center for Health Statistics and American Community Survey population estimates to measure within-group change in life expectancy at age 25 among non-Hispanic Black and white males and females by educational attainment. We decomposed life expectancy change over time for each subgroup by 24 causes of death and measured their contribution to longevity change across 13 age groups.

Results: Among persons with ≤ 12 years of education, white males and females experienced 1.3- and 1.7-year longevity declines respectively, compared to a 0.6-year decline among Black males and a 0.3-year decline among Black females. Life expectancy declined among all groups with 13-15 years of education, but especially Black females, who experienced a 2.2-year loss. With the exception of Black males, all groups with 16 + years of education experienced longevity gains. Homicide contributed 0.34 years to longevity decline among Black males with ≤ 12 years of education. Drug poisoning made large contributions to longevity losses among Black females with ≤ 12 years of education (0.31 years), white males and females with 13-15 years of education (0.35 and 0.21 years, respectively), and white males and females with ≤ 12 years of education (0.92 and 0.65 years, respectively).

Conclusions: Public health efforts to reduce the risks of homicide among Black males without a college education and drug poisoning among all groups could improve life expectancy and reduce racial and educational longevity disparities in the Great Lakes region.

Keywords: Cause of death; Great lakes; Life expectancy; Longevity; Racial disparities.

Fig. 1

Life expectancy at birth trends in the Great Lakes region and all other U.S. regions for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic white males and females

Fig. 2

Life expectancy at age 25 over time of Black and white males in the Great Lakes region by education

Fig. 3

Life expectancy at age 25 over time of Black and white females in the Great Lakes region by education

Fig. 4

Age-specific contributions of select causes of death to change in life expectancy among Black males from 2009 to 2016 in the Great Lakes region by education

Fig. 5

Age-specific contributions of select causes of death to change in life expectancy among Black females from 2009 to 2016 in the Great Lakes region by education

Fig. 6

Age-specific contributions of select causes of death to change in life expectancy among white males from 2009 to 2016 in the Great Lakes region by education

Fig. 7

Age-specific contributions of select causes of death to change in life expectancy among white females from 2009 to 2016 in the Great Lakes region by education