. 2023 Apr;5(4):579-588.

doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2. Epub 2023 Apr 26.

Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

John R Speakman^#^{1

2

3

4}, Jasper M A de Jong^#^{5

6}, Srishti Sinha^#^{7

8}, Klaas R Westerterp^#⁹, Yosuke Yamada^{10

11}, Hiroyuki Sagayama¹², Philip N Ainslie¹³, Liam J Anderson¹⁴, Lenore Arab¹⁵, Kweku Bedu-Addo¹⁶, Stephane Blanc^{17

18}, Alberto G Bonomi¹⁹, Pascal Bovet^{20

21}, Soren Brage²², Maciej S Buchowski²³, Nancy F Butte²⁴, Stefan G J A Camps²⁵, Jamie A Cooper^{17

26}, Richard Cooper²⁷, Sai Krupa Das²⁸, Peter S W Davies²⁹, Lara R Dugas^{27

30}, Ulf Ekelund³¹, Sonja Entringer^{32

33}, Terrence Forrester³⁴, Barry W Fudge³⁵, Melanie Gillingham³⁶, Santu Ghosh⁷, Annelies H Goris³⁷, Michael Gurven³⁸, Lewis G Halsey³⁹, Catherine Hambly⁴⁰, Hinke H Haisma⁴¹, Daniel Hoffman⁴², Sumei Hu^{43

44

45}, Annemiek M Joosen²⁵, Jennifer L Kaplan⁵, Peter Katzmarzyk⁴⁶, William E Kraus⁴⁷, Robert F Kushner⁴⁸, William R Leonard⁴⁹, Marie Löf^{50

51}, Corby K Martin⁴⁶, Eric Matsiko⁵², Anine C Medin^{53

54}, Erwin P Meijer²⁵, Marian L Neuhouser⁵⁵, Theresa A Nicklas²⁴, Robert M Ojiambo^{56

57}, Kirsi H Pietiläinen⁵⁸, Jacob Plange-Rhule¹⁶, Guy Plasqui⁵⁹, Ross L Prentice⁵⁵, Susan B Racette⁶⁰, David A Raichlen⁶¹, Eric Ravussin⁴⁶, Leanne M Redman⁴⁶, Susan B Roberts²⁸, Michael C Rudolph⁶², Luis B Sardinha⁶³, Albertine J Schuit⁶⁴, Analiza M Silva⁶³, Eric Stice⁶⁵, Samuel S Urlacher^{66

67}, Giulio Valenti²⁵, Ludo M Van Etten²⁵, Edgar A Van Mil⁶⁸, Brian M Wood^{69

70}, Jack A Yanovski⁷¹, Tsukasa Yoshida⁷², Xueying Zhang^{43

40}, Alexia J Murphy-Alford⁸, Cornelia U Loechl⁸, Anura Kurpad⁷³, Amy H Luke⁷⁴, Herman Pontzer^{75

76}, Matthew S Rodeheffer^{77

78

79}, Jennifer Rood⁸⁰, Dale A Schoeller⁸¹, William W Wong⁸²

Affiliations

¹ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
² Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
³ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁴ CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁵ Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁶ Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷ St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India.
⁸ Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
⁹ School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands. k.westerterp@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
¹⁰ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
¹¹ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
¹² Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. sagayama.hiroyuki.ka@u.tsukuba.ac.jp.
¹³ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁴ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁵ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
¹⁷ Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁸ Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
¹⁹ Phillips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
²⁰ University Center for Primary care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
²¹ Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles.
²² MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²³ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
²⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
²⁵ School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
²⁸ Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁹ Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
³⁰ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³¹ Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
³² Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
³³ University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
³⁴ Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
³⁵ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
³⁶ Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³⁷ IMEC within OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³⁸ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³⁹ School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
⁴⁰ Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁴¹ Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁴² Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
⁴³ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
⁴⁴ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁴⁵ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
⁴⁶ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁸ Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵¹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵² Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵³ Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁴ Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁵⁵ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵⁶ Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
⁵⁷ University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁸ Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁶⁰ Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶¹ Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁶² Department of Physiology and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
⁶³ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁶⁴ University of Tilburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
⁶⁵ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
⁶⁷ Child and Brain Development program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Maastricht University, Campus Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
⁶⁹ University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁷¹ Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁷² National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India. a.kurpad@sjri.res.in.
⁷⁴ Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. aluke@luc.edu.
⁷⁵ Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁶ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁷ Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁷⁸ Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁷⁹ Department of Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁸⁰ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. jennifer.rood@pbrc.edu.
⁸¹ Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu.
⁸² Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA. wwong@bcm.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 37100994
PMCID: PMC10445668
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2

Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

John R Speakman et al. Nat Metab. 2023 Apr.

. 2023 Apr;5(4):579-588.

doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2. Epub 2023 Apr 26.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
² Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
³ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁴ CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China. j.speakman@abdn.ac.uk.
⁵ Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁶ Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷ St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India.
⁸ Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
⁹ School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands. k.westerterp@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
¹⁰ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
¹¹ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan. yyamada831@gmail.com.
¹² Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. sagayama.hiroyuki.ka@u.tsukuba.ac.jp.
¹³ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁴ School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹⁵ David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
¹⁷ Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁸ Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
¹⁹ Phillips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
²⁰ University Center for Primary care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
²¹ Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles.
²² MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²³ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
²⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
²⁵ School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
²⁶ Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
²⁷ Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
²⁸ Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁹ Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
³⁰ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³¹ Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
³² Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
³³ University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
³⁴ Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.
³⁵ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
³⁶ Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
³⁷ IMEC within OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³⁸ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
³⁹ School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
⁴⁰ Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
⁴¹ Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁴² Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
⁴³ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
⁴⁴ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁴⁵ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
⁴⁶ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
⁴⁷ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁸ Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵¹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵² Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵³ Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
⁵⁴ Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁵⁵ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁵⁶ Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
⁵⁷ University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁸ Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁵⁹ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁶⁰ Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
⁶¹ Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁶² Department of Physiology and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
⁶³ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
⁶⁴ University of Tilburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
⁶⁵ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶⁶ Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
⁶⁷ Child and Brain Development program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Maastricht University, Campus Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
⁶⁹ University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁷¹ Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁷² National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁷³ St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India. a.kurpad@sjri.res.in.
⁷⁴ Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. aluke@luc.edu.
⁷⁵ Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁶ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. pontzer@gmail.com.
⁷⁷ Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁷⁸ Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁷⁹ Department of Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. matthew.rodeheffer@gmail.com.
⁸⁰ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. jennifer.rood@pbrc.edu.
⁸¹ Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. dschoell@nutrisci.wisc.edu.
⁸² Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA. wwong@bcm.edu.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 37100994
PMCID: PMC10445668
DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2

Abstract

Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance^1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated^3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

**Figure 1:**
Trends over time in a) adjusted total energy expenditure, b) adjusted basal energy expenditure, and c) adjusted activity energy expenditure for males. Adjustments were made for body composition (fat and fat-free mass or body mass, and age) – see methods for details. All expenditures are in MJ/d and time is expressed in months since January 1982. Significant years are also indicated. Each data point is a different measurement of expenditure. The red lines are the fitted least squares regression fits. For regression details refer to text and Table 1.

**Figure 2:**
Trends over time in a) adjusted total energy expenditure, b) adjusted basal energy expenditure, and c) adjusted activity energy expenditure for females. Adjustments were made for body composition (fat and lean mass and age) – see methods for details. Significant years are also indicated. All expenditures are in MJ/d and time is expressed in months since January 1982. Each data point is a different individual measurement of expenditure. The red lines are the fitted least squares regression fits. For regression details refer to text and Table 1.

**Figure 3:**
A: effect of log_e body mass on the log_e basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a systematic review of 165 studies dating back to the early 1900s (first study 1919). Data for males in blue and for females in red. Studies with mixed male and female data not illustrated. B: Bubble plot showing the Residual log_e Basal metabolism derived from a weighted regression of log_e BMR against sex, age and log_e (body mass) plotted against date of measurement in the same 165 studies. Bubbles represent the sample size of the studies. The red line is the fitted weighted regression.

**Figure 4:**
A: the relationship between body weight and metabolic rate in the mice fed different diets with variable fatty acid compositions. B: the effect of saturated fatty acid intake on residual metabolic rate – corrected for body weight.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Human basal metabolic rate has declined over the past 30 years.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Nat Metab. 2023 Apr;5(4):544-545. doi: 10.1038/s42255-023-00790-2. Nat Metab. 2023. PMID: 37100998 No abstract available.

References

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1. Ezzati M, Bentham J, Di Ceare M. et al. (2017) Worldwide trends in body mass index, underweight, overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents and adults. Lancet 390: 2627–2642. - PMC - PubMed

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Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

Affiliations

Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Comment in

References

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Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

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