Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023 Apr 21;21(4):257.
doi: 10.3390/md21040257.

Genus Acanthella-A Wealthy Treasure: Secondary Metabolites, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivities

Sabrin R M Ibrahim  1   2 , Kholoud F Ghazawi  3 , Samar F Miski  4 , Duaa Fahad ALsiyud  5 , Shaimaa G A Mohamed  6 , Gamal A Mohamed  7
Affiliations
Review

Genus Acanthella-A Wealthy Treasure: Secondary Metabolites, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivities

Sabrin R M Ibrahim et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Marine sponges are multicellular and primitive animals that potentially represent a wealthy source of novel drugs. The genus Acanthella (family Axinellidae) is renowned to produce various metabolites with various structural characteristics and bioactivities, including nitrogen-containing terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. The current work provides an up-to-date literature survey and comprehensive insight into the reported metabolites from the members of this genus, as well as their sources, biosynthesis, syntheses, and biological activities whenever available. In the current work, 226 metabolites have been discussed based on published data from the period from 1974 to the beginning of 2023 with 90 references.

Keywords: Acanthella; Axinellidae; health and wellbeing; life below water; marine sponges; nitrogen-containing terpenoids.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Classes of sesquiterpenes reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenes (1–16) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spiroaxane-type sesquiterpenes (17–33) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes (34–45) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cadinene-type sesquiterpenes (46–57) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cadinene-type sesquiterpenes (58–73) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Other sesquiterpenes (74–87) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Biosynthesis pathway of 12, 16, 49, 68–73, and 84 [43].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Classes of diterpenes reported from genus Acanthella.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Kalihinol diterpenes (88–102) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Kalihinol diterpenes (103–117) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Kalihinol diterpenes (118–130) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Kalihinol diterpenes (131–138) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Kalihinene diterpenes (139–156) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Kalihioxepanes (157–163) and kalihipyrans (164–167) diterpenes reported from the genus Acanthella.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
Biosynthesis of kalihioxepanes A–G (157–163) [64].
Figure 15
Figure 15
Biflorane (168–174) diterpenes reported from the genus Acanthella.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
Biosynthesis of 140, 164, and 174 [45].
Scheme 4
Scheme 4
Proposed biosynthesis of 179 [66].
Figure 16
Figure 16
Alkaloids (175–185) reported from genus Acanthella.
Scheme 5
Scheme 5
Semisynthesis of (−)-dibromophakellin (188) derivatives [70].
Scheme 6
Scheme 6
Synthesis of 190 using dihydrooroidin [73].
Figure 17
Figure 17
Alkaloids (186–195) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Alkaloids (196–207) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Steroid compounds (208–215) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Other metabolites (216–226) reported from the genus Acanthella.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Different classes of metabolites reported from the genus Acanthella. SQs: sesquiterpenes; DTs: diterpenes; AlKs: alkaloids; STs: steroid compounds; OMs: other metabolites.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Number of compounds reported from each studied Acanthella species.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Ibrahim S.R.M., Fadil S.A., Fadil H.A., Eshmawi B.A., Mohamed S.G.A., Mohamed G.A. Fungal Naphthalenones; Promising Metabolites for Drug Discovery: Structures, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Pharmacological Potential. Toxins. 2022;14:154. doi: 10.3390/toxins14020154. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Abdallah H.M., Mohamed G.A., Ibrahim S.R. Lansium domesticum—A Fruit with Multi-Benefits: Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals, Nutritional Value, and Bioactivities. Nutrients. 2022;14:1531. doi: 10.3390/nu14071531. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ibrahim S.R., Choudhry H., Asseri A.H., Elfaky M.A., Mohamed S.G., Mohamed G.A. Stachybotrys chartarum—A Hidden Treasure: Secondary Metabolites, Bioactivities, and Biotechnological Relevance. J. Fungi. 2022;8:504. doi: 10.3390/jof8050504. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ibrahim S.R., Sirwi A., Eid B.G., Mohamed S.G., Mohamed G.A. Bright Side of Fusarium oxysporum: Secondary Metabolites Bioactivities and Industrial Relevance in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology. J. Fungi. 2021;7:943. doi: 10.3390/jof7110943. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ibrahim S.R., Fadil S.A., Fadil H.A., Hareeri R.H., Abdallah H.M., Mohamed G.A. Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemical Composition, Biosynthesis, and Pharmacological Activities of Carpesium abrotanoides L. (Asteraceae) Plants. 2022;11:1598. doi: 10.3390/plants11121598. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources