Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Apr 14;59(4):765.
doi: 10.3390/medicina59040765.

Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis

Saad Mohammad Alqahtani  1 , Shankar T Gokhale  1 , Mohamed Fadul A Elagib  1 , Deepti Shrivastava  2 , Raghavendra Reddy Nagate  1 , Badar Awadh Mohammad Alshmrani  1 , Abduaziz Mohammed Abdullah Alburade  1 , Fares Mufreh Abdullah Alqahtani  1 , Anil Kumar Nagarajappa  3 , Valentino Natoli  4   5 , Kumar Chandan Srivastava  3   6
Affiliations

Assessment and Correlation of Salivary Ca, Mg, and pH in Smokers and Non-Smokers with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis

Saad Mohammad Alqahtani et al. Medicina (Kaunas). .

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Diagnostic evaluation with the aid of biomarkers has reached newer heights to assess disease activity. Salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH are one of the biochemical parameters which can be helpful in assessing the progression of periodontal disease. Smokers are at topnotch threat for having oral diseases, predominantly periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH levels in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted on 210 individuals affected with generalized chronic periodontitis, with the age group between 25 and 55 years. Based on their smoking habit, an equal number of patients were categorized into two groups; namely, group I consisted of non-smokers and group II consisted of smokers. The clinical parameters that were measured included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). The biochemical variables that were evaluated in the current study included salivary calcium, magnesium, and pH using an AVL9180 electrolyte analyzer (Roche, Germany). The gathered data were analyzed with an unpaired t test was using SPSS 20.0. Results: A statistically significant higher PPD (p < 0.01), CAL (p < 0.05), and salivary calcium levels (p < 0.001) were observed in the smokers' compared with their non-smoking counterparts. Among the biochemical parameters, calcium showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher level in smokers (5.79 ± 1.76) in contrast to non-smokers (3.87 ± 1.03). Additionally, a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between calcium and PPD was observed in non-smokers, whereas a non-significant inverse relation (p > 0.05) was seen in smokers. Conclusions: The present study indicates that the salivary calcium level can be a potential biochemical parameter to assess the progression of periodontal disease in smokers and non-smokers. Within the limitations of the current study, the salivary biomarkers appear to have an essential role in the identification and indication of the status of periodontal diseases.

Keywords: clinical dentistry; periodontitis; periodontology; probing pocket depth; salivary biomarkers; salivary calcium; salivary magnesium; salivary pH; smokers.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Correlational analysis of Calcium with Periodontal Probing Depth in (A) Smokers and (B) Non-Smokers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlational analysis of Calcium with Clinical Attachment Loss in (A) Smokers and (B) Non-Smokers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Velsko I.M., Overmyer K.A., Speller C., Klaus L., Collins M.J., Loe L., Frantz L.A., Sankaranarayanan K., Lewis C.M., Martinez J.B., et al. The dental calculus metabolome in modern and historic samples. Metabolomics. 2017;13:134. doi: 10.1007/s11306-017-1270-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bibi T., Khurshid Z., Rehman A., Imran E., Srivastava K., Shrivastava D. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF): A Diagnostic Tool for the Detection of Periodontal Health and Diseases. Molecules. 2021;26:1208. doi: 10.3390/molecules26051208. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dawes C., Pedersen A.L., Villa A., Ekström J., Proctor G.B., Vissink A., Aframian D., McGowan R., Aliko A., Narayana N., et al. The functions of human saliva: A review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch. Oral. Biol. 2015;60:863–874. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.004. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Castagnola M.P.M.P., Picciotti P.M., Messana I., Fanali C., Fiorita A., Cabras T., Calo L., Pisano E., Passali G.C., Iavarone F., et al. Potential application of human saliva as diagnostic fluid. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital. 2011;31:347–357. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Dame Z.T., Aziat F., Mandal R., Krishnamurthy R., Bouatra S., Borzouie S., Guo A.C., Sajed T., Deng L., Lin H., et al. The human saliva metabolome. Metabolomics. 2015;11:1864–1883. doi: 10.1007/s11306-015-0840-5. - DOI