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Review
. 2023 Apr 21;28(8):3641.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28083641.

The Buzz on Insecticides: A Review of Uses, Molecular Structures, Targets, Adverse Effects, and Alternatives

Maria F Araújo  1   2 , Elisabete M S Castanheira  3   4 , Sérgio F Sousa  1   2
Affiliations
Review

The Buzz on Insecticides: A Review of Uses, Molecular Structures, Targets, Adverse Effects, and Alternatives

Maria F Araújo et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Insecticides play a critical role in controlling the spread of insect-borne diseases and preserving crop health. These chemical substances are specifically formulated to kill or manage insect populations. Over the years, various types of insecticides have been developed, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, each with unique modes of action, physiological targets, and efficacy. Despite the advantages that insecticides offer, it is imperative to recognize the potential consequences on non-target species, the environment, and human health. It is therefore crucial to follow recommended label instructions and employ integrated pest management practices for the judicious use of insecticides. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the various types of insecticides, including their modes of action, physiological targets, environmental and human health impacts, and alternatives. The aim is to furnish a comprehensive overview of insecticides and to emphasize the significance of responsible and sustainable utilization.

Keywords: biological control; biopesticides; carbamates; environmental sustainability; insecticides; neonicotinoids; organochlorines; organophosphates; pest management; resistance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the main targets and classes of insecticides that disrupt the insect nervous system. The diagram illustrates the common molecular targets, including (a) voltage-dependent sodium channels, (b) acetylcholinesterase, (c) GABA receptors, and (d) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The main classes of insecticides that act on these targets are also represented and include pyrethroids, DDT, organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, and neonicotinoids. These insecticides cause paralysis and the death of the insect by disrupting its nervous system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Major known targets for insecticidal activity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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