An Overview of the Public Health Challenges in Diagnosing and Controlling Human Foodborne Pathogens

Abstract

Pathogens found in food are believed to be the leading cause of foodborne illnesses; and they are considered a serious problem with global ramifications. During the last few decades, a lot of attention has been paid to determining the microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses and developing new methods to identify them. Foodborne pathogen identification technologies have evolved rapidly over the last few decades, with the newer technologies focusing on immunoassays, genome-wide approaches, biosensors, and mass spectrometry as the primary methods of identification. Bacteriophages (phages), probiotics and prebiotics were known to have the ability to combat bacterial diseases since the turn of the 20th century. A primary focus of phage use was the development of medical therapies; however, its use quickly expanded to other applications in biotechnology and industry. A similar argument can be made with regards to the food safety industry, as diseases directly endanger the health of customers. Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to bacteriophages, probiotics and prebiotics most likely due to the exhaustion of traditional antibiotics. Reviewing a variety of current quick identification techniques is the purpose of this study. Using these techniques, we are able to quickly identify foodborne pathogenic bacteria, which forms the basis for future research advances. A review of recent studies on the use of phages, probiotics and prebiotics as a means of combating significant foodborne diseases is also presented. Furthermore, we discussed the advantages of using phages as well as the challenges they face, especially given their prevalent application in food safety.

Keywords: control; diagnostic approaches; foodborne pathogens; phage therapy; public health.

Figure 1

Detection of foodborne pathogens using various diagnostic approaches.

Figure 2

Workflow of LAMP for detection of foodborne pathogens.

Figure 3

Replication process of bacteriophages (Lytic and Lysogenic cycles).

Figure 4

In synergy synbiotics, probiotics and prebiotics work together to improve the health of the gut microbiome—benefiting both humans and animals.