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Review
. 2023 Mar 30;11(4):769.
doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040769.

Immunotherapy of Equine Sarcoids-From Early Approaches to Innovative Vaccines

Christoph Jindra  1   2 , Edmund K Hainisch  2 , Sabine Brandt  2
Affiliations
Review

Immunotherapy of Equine Sarcoids-From Early Approaches to Innovative Vaccines

Christoph Jindra et al. Vaccines (Basel). .

Abstract

Horses and other equid species are frequently affected by bovine papillomavirus type 1 and/or 2 (BPV1, BPV2)-induced skin tumors termed sarcoids. Although sarcoids do not metastasize, they constitute a serious health problem due to their BPV1/2-mediated resistance to treatment and propensity to recrudesce in a more severe, multiple form following accidental or iatrogenic trauma. This review provides an overview on BPV1/2 infection and associated immune escape in the equid host and presents early and recent immunotherapeutic approaches in sarcoid management.

Keywords: BPV1; BPV2; bovine papillomavirus; equids; horse; immunotherapy; sarcoid.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The productive PV life cycle is tightly linked to the differentiation program of infected keratinocytes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Role of Toll-like receptors in T cell activation. Recognition of PAMPs by TLRs expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) leads to maturation of these antigen-presenting cells and their migration to draining lymph nodes. In the presence of co-stimulatory molecules, DCs present antigens via MHC molecules to naive T cells. Upon this stimulus, naive T cells differentiate into effector T cells that expand, move to the site of infection, and fight the invading pathogens [65,66].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Influence of clinical sarcoid types on response to immunotherapy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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