Gastrointestinal symptoms in 609 Japanese patients with COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study

Abstract

Background: GI symptoms are common in acute COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to characterize the GI symptoms occurring in Japanese COVID-19 patients.

Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 751 hospitalized acute COVID-19 patients. The primary outcomes were the frequency and severity of GI symptoms. The secondary outcomes included the association between COVID-19 severity and GI symptoms and the timing of GI symptom onset.

Results: After exclusion, the data of 609 patients were analyzed. The median age was 62 years, and 55% were male. The median time from initial symptom onset to admission was five days. On admission, 92% of the patients had fever, 35.1% had fatigue, 75% had respiratory symptoms, and 75% had pneumonia. The sample included patients with mild (19%), moderate (59%), and severe COVID-19 (22%). A total of 218 patients (36%) had GI symptoms, of which 93% were classified as grade 1/2; 170 patients had both respiratory and GI symptoms. Diarrhea was the most frequent GI symptom, occurring in 170 patients, followed by anorexia in 73 patients and nausea/vomiting in 36 patients, and abdominal pain in 8 patients. There was no significant relationship between COVID-19 severity and GI symptoms. Among COVID-19 patients with both GI and respiratory symptoms, 48% had respiratory symptoms preceding GI symptoms, 25% had GI symptoms preceding respiratory symptoms and 27% had a simultaneous onset of respiratory and GI symptoms.

Conclusion: Thirty-six percent of the Japanese COVID-19 patients had GI symptoms; diarrhea was the most frequent GI symptom but did not predict severe COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; Gastrointestinal symptom; abdominal pain; diarrhea; nausea; vomiting.