Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives

Abstract

Experimental evidence supports the fact that changes in the bowel microflora due to environmental or dietary factors have been investigated as implicating factors in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The amassing knowledge that the inhabited microbiome regulates the gut physiology and immune functions in IBD, has led researchers to explore the effectiveness of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in treating IBD. This therapeutic approach focuses on restoring the dynamic balance between the microflora and host defense mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa to prevent the onset and persistence of intestinal inflammation. Numerous microbial strains and carbohydrate blends, along with their combinations have been examined in experimental colitis models and clinical trials, and the results indicated that it can be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the suppression of inflammation, remission induction, and relapse prevention in IBD with minimal side effects. Several mechanisms of action of probiotics (for e.g., Lactobacillus species, and Bifidobacterium species) have been reported such as suppression of pathogen growth by releasing certain antimicrobial mediators (lactic and hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, and bacteriocins), immunomodulation and initiation of an immune response, enhancement of barrier activity, and suppression of human T-cell proliferation. Prebiotics such as lactulose, lactosucrose, oligofructose, and inulin have been found to induce the growth of certain types of host microflora, resulting in an enriched enteric function. These non-digestible food dietary components have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-related cytokines while augmenting interleukin-10 levels. Although pro-and prebiotics has established their efficacy in healthy subjects, a better understanding of the luminal ecosystem is required to determine which specific bacterial strain or combination of probiotics and prebiotics would prove to be the ideal treatment for IBD. Clinical trials, however, have given some conflicting results, requiring the necessity to cite the more profound clinical effect of these treatments on IBD remission and prevention. The purpose of this review article is to provide the most comprehensive and updated review on the utility of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in the management of active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis/pouchitis.

Keywords: Crohn’s disease; Dysbiosis; Inflammation; Microbiota; Pouchitis; Ulcerative colitis.

Figure 1

Comparison between normal microbiome and dysbiosis.

Figure 2

Role of dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology. SCFA: Short chain fatty acids; Tregs: Regulatory T cells; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.

Figure 3

Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease and its pathological outcomes. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; SCFA: Short chain fatty acids.

Figure 4

Various actions of probiotics. IL-10: Interleukin-10; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Figure 5

The mechanism of actions of probiotics in combating inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Figure 6

Mechanisms of action of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. SCFA: Short chain fatty acids; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.