Naloxone analogy and opioid overdose terminology preferences among rural caregivers: Differences by race

Abstract

Background: Despite national and state policies aimed at increasing naloxone access via pharmacies, opioid overdose death rates rose during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among Blacks and American Indians (AIs) in rural areas. Caregivers, or third parties who can administer naloxone during an overdose event, are important individuals in the naloxone administration cascade, yet no studies have explored rural caregivers' opioid overdose terminology and naloxone analogy preferences or whether these preferences differ by race.

Objectives: To identify rural caregivers' overdose terminology and naloxone analogy preferences and determine whether preferences differ by race.

Methods: A sample of 40 caregivers who lived with someone at high risk of overdose and used pharmacies in 4 largely rural states was recruited. Each caregiver completed a demographic survey and a 20- to 45-minute audio-recorded semi-structured interview that was transcribed, de-identified, and imported into a qualitative software package for thematic analysis by 2 independent coders using a codebook. Overdose terminology and naloxone analogy preferences were analyzed for differences by race.

Results: The sample was 57.5% white, 35% Black, and 7.5% AIs. Many participants (43%) preferred that pharmacists use the term "bad reaction" to refer to overdose events over the terms "accidental overdose" (37%) and "overdose" (20%). The majority of white and Black participants preferred "bad reaction" while AI participants preferred "accidental overdose." For naloxone analogies, "EpiPen" was most preferred (64%), regardless of race. "Fire extinguisher" (17%), "lifesaver" (9.5%), and other analogies (9.5%) were preferred by some white and Black participants but not AI participants.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that pharmacists should use the "bad reaction" term and "EpiPen" analogy when counseling rural caregivers about overdose and naloxone, respectively. Caregivers' preferences varied by race, suggesting that pharmacists may want to tailor the terminology and analogy they use when discussing naloxone with caregivers.

Figure 1.

Coding tree for caregiver communication preferences.