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. 2023 Apr 14;9(4):e15364.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15364. eCollection 2023 Apr.

High linoleic waste sunflower oil: A distinctive recycled source of self-healing agent for smart metal coatings

Z Baharom  1 , H Z Abdullah  1 , M I Idris  1 , Z M M Ismail  1
Affiliations

High linoleic waste sunflower oil: A distinctive recycled source of self-healing agent for smart metal coatings

Z Baharom et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

High Linoleic Waste Sunflower Oil (HLWSO) is a new self-healing agent viable to be encapsulated. Meanwhile, the unique mechanism behind the synthesis of microcapsules is deeply illustrated; the emulsification process of HLWSO by anionic surfactant and microencapsulation of HLWSO. In addition, the application of microencapsulated HLWSO in the coating matrix by the layering method is presented followed by a detailed explanation of the self-healing mechanism of a smart coating incorporating the polymerization mechanism of HLWSO developed by the diene structure. Microencapsulation of high linoleic waste sunflower oil (HLWSO) is a wall formation process in which urea-formaldehyde (UF) is attached with emulsified HLWSO to form a microcapsule. In this study, the HLWSO from recycled cooking oil is uniquely bonded with a diene structure, thus possessing the ability to dry fast and be encapsulated via the in-situ polymerization method. The microencapsulated HLWSO was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transformation Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum microcapsules synthesized from HLWSO resulted in a smooth shell structure with 2.88 μm diameter microcapsules at 0.31 μm shell thickness and 66% core content. It was demonstrated that increased stirring speed decreases the size, shell thickness, and core content of the microcapsules. The FTIR results indicated that HLWSO as a core, while urea-formaldehyde acted as a shell of microcapsules. The scratch on the coating matrix embedded with HLWSO was healed after five days. The corrosion rate of optimum sample was 0.0574 mm/year, with an optimum reduction of 58% from the reference sample. This study revealed that the HLWSO from recycled sources is a viable self-healing agent to be microencapsulated. The smart coating embedded with HLWSO also displayed self-healing performance, reduced corrosion rate and beneficial for the advancement of corrosion control technology.

Keywords: Microencapsulated high linoleic waste sunflower oil; Recycle self-healing agent; Self-healing coating; Smart metal coatings.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Image 1
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The in-situ polymerization technique on microencapsulation of HLWSO.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The FESEM surface morphology of microcapsules at different stirring speed; (a) 200 rpm, (b) 300 rpm and (c) 400 rpm.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Emulsification of high linoleic waste sunflower oil, HLWSO by ethylene maleic anhydride, EMA.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Microencapsulation process flow with HLWSO as core and UF as a shell.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The effect of stirring speed on microcapsules; (a) core content, (b) mean diameter and (c) shell thickness.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The FTIR results on microcapsules containing HLWSO at different stirring speed (200, 300 and 400 rpm).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Self-healing mechanism from different size of ruptured microcapsules (S1, S2 and S3) unleashing HLWSO to fully healed the scratched.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Polymerization mechanism of HLWSO.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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