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. 2023 Apr 20:14:1129130.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1129130. eCollection 2023.

Plant-derived smoke water and karrikinolide (KAR1) enhance physiological activities, essential oil yield and bioactive constituents of Mentha arvensis L

Sarika Singh  1 , Moin Uddin  2 , Aman Sobia Chishti  1 , Urooj Hassan Bhat  1 , Sangram Singh  1 , M Masroor A Khan  1
Affiliations

Plant-derived smoke water and karrikinolide (KAR1) enhance physiological activities, essential oil yield and bioactive constituents of Mentha arvensis L

Sarika Singh et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Introduction: The current study was carried out with the hypothesis that foliar application of plant-derived smoke water (PDSW) and karrikinolide (KAR1) might enhanced the plant growth, physiology, and essential oil production of the Mentha arvensis L. Karrikinolide (KAR1) is one of the most important bioactive constituents of PDSW.

Methods: Mint (Mentha arvensis L.) was grown in natural conditions in the net-house. Different concentrations of PDSW (1:125, 1:250, 1:500 and 1:1000 v/v) and KAR1 (10-9 M, 10-8 M, 10-7 M and 10-6 M) were used as foliar-spray treatments, using double-distilled water as control. The PDSW was prepared by burning the dried wheat-straw that acted as a growth-promoting substance.

Results: Foliar-spray treatment 1:500 v/v of PDSW and 10-8 M of KAR1 proved optimal for enhancing all morphological, physiological, and essential-oil yield related parameters. In comparison with the control, 1:500 v/v of PDSW and 10-8 M of KAR1 increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the height of mint plant (19.23% and 16.47%), fresh weight (19.30% and 17.44%), dry weight (35.36% and 24.75%), leaf area (18.22% and 17.46%), and leaf yield per plant (28.41% and 23.74%). In addition, these treatments also significantly increased the photosynthetic parameters, including chlorophyll fluorescence (12.10% and 11.41%), total chlorophyll content (25.70% and 20.77%), and total carotenoid content (29.77% and 27.18%). Likewise, 1:500 v/v of PDSW and 10-8 M of KAR1 significantly increased the essential-oil content (37.09% and 32.25%), essential oil productivity per plant (72.22% and 66.66%), menthol content (29.94% and 25.42%), menthyl acetate content (36.90% and 31.73%), and menthone content (44.38% and 37.75%). Furthermore, the TIC chromatogram of the GCMS analysis revealed the presence of 34 compounds, 12 of which showed major peak areas.

Discussion: Treatment 1: 500 v/v of PDSW proved better than the treatment 10-8 M of KAR1 with regard to most of the parameters studied. The outcome of the study can be used as a recommendation tool for agricultural and horticultural crops, since it costs much lesser than that of KAR1. In fact, the foliar application of PDSW proved economical and played bioactive role at very low concentrations.

Keywords: Mentha arvensis L.; bioactive constituents; essential oil yield; karrikinolide; plant-derived smoke water.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of foliar application with smoke-saturated water 1:125, 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000 v/v) and karrikinolide (10-9 M, 10-8 M, 10-7 M and 10-6 M) on total chlorophyll content (mg g-1) (A, B) total carotenoid content (mg g-1) (C, D) of Mentha arvensis L. Lowercase letters depicts the Duncan. Data are presented as treatments mean ± SE (n = 5). Data followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of foliar application with smoke-saturated water 1:125, 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000 v/v) and karrikinolide (10-9 M, 10-8 M, 10-7 M and 10-6 M) on carbonic anhydrase activity (µmol CO2 Kg-1 leaf FW s-1) (A, B) and nitrate reductase activity (nanomol NO2 - g-1 leaf FW h-1) (C, D) of Mentha arvensis L. Lowercase letters depicts the Duncan. Data are presented as treatments mean ± SE (n = 5). Data followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of foliar application with smoke-saturated water 1:125, 1:250, 1:500, and 1:1000 v/v) and karrikinolide (10-9 M, 10-8 M, 10-7 M and 10-6 M)on phenol content (mg GAE 100 g-1 FW) (A, B) and flavonoid content (mg CE 100 g-1 FW) (C, D) of Mentha arvensis L. Lowercase letters depicts the Duncan. Data are presented as treatments mean ± SE (n = 5). Data followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Response of Mentha arvensis L. to foliar treatment with smoke-saturated water (PDSW) and KAR 1 regarding size of leaf glandular trichomes and length of stomatal pore as observed under scanning electron microscope as affected by (A) Control (B) 1:500 v/v of PDSW and (C) 10-8 M of KAR1.
Figure 5
Figure 5
GC-MS chromatogram of essential oil of Mentha arvensis L. (A) Control, (B) 1:500 v/v of PDSW and (C) 10-8 M of KAR 1 .
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of foliar application with (A) smoke-saturated water (32.25 µg/L, 64.5 µg/L, 1: 500 v/vand 258 µg/L) and KAR1 (0.150 µg/L, 1.501 µg/L, 15.013 µg/L and 150.13 µg/L) on essential oil content (%) (A, B) and essential oil productivity (mL plant-1) (C, D) of Mentha arvensis L. Lowercase letters depicts the Duncan. Data are presented as treatments mean ± SE (n = 5). Data followed by the same letters are not significantly different by Duncan multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Principal correlation analysis (PCA) shows the positive correlation of the response of (A) PDSW and (B) KAR1 in terms of growth, physiological attributes, essential oil yield and active constituents of mint plant. Foliar application with PDSW and KAR1 positively enhances SL, shoot length; FW, fresh weight; DW, dry weight; LA, leaf area; LY/P, leaf yield per plant, NR, nitrate reductase; CA, carbonic anhydrase; PC, phenol content; FC, flavonoid content; EOC, essential oil content; EOP, essential oil production, MC, menthol content; MP, menthol productivity; MAC, menthyl acetate content; MAP, menthyl acetate productivity; TCC, total chlorophyll content; CC, carotenoid content; Fv/Fm, chlorophyll fluorescence; qP, photochemical quenching; qN, (non-photochemical quenching); Y (II), effective quantum yield of photosystem II; and ETR, electron transport rate.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Possible schematic representation of perception by mint plant and mechanism of action of PDSW/KAR1. PDSW/KAR1 is absorbed through stomata of mint-plant leaves. PDSW/KAR1 is perceived by KAI2 protein that forms a proteosomal complex with MAX2 protein and SMAX1 repressors. After ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation of repressors, PDSW/KAR1 interacts with indigenous phytohormones that enhance the expression of genes related to growth, development and essential oil productivity of mint plant.
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