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Review
. 2023 Apr 19:13:1134712.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134712. eCollection 2023.

Emerging evidence on Monkeypox: resurgence, global burden, molecular insights, genomics and possible management

Ruchi Sharma  1 , Kow-Tong Chen  2   3 , Rohit Sharma  1
Affiliations
Review

Emerging evidence on Monkeypox: resurgence, global burden, molecular insights, genomics and possible management

Ruchi Sharma et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. .

Abstract

An outbreak of monkeypox (encoded enveloped double stranded DNA), resurgence and expansion has emerged in early 2022, posing a new threat to global health. Even though, many reports are available on monkeypox, still a comprehensive updated review is needed. Present updated review is focused to fill the research gaps pertaining to the monkeypox, and an extensive search was conducted in a number of databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Although the disease usually progresses self-limiting, some patients require admission for kidney injury, pharyngitis, myocarditis, and soft tissue super infections. There is no well-known treatment available yet; still there has been a push for the use of antiviral therapy and tecovirimat as a promising option when dealing with co-morbidities. In this study, we mapped and discussed the updates and scientific developments surrounding monkeypox, including its potential molecular mechanisms, genomics, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, vaccines, treatment, possible plant-based treatment along with their proposed mechanisms. Each day, a growing number of monkeypox cases are reported, and more cases are expected in the near future. As of now, monkeypox does not have a well-established and proven treatment, and several investigations are underway to find the best possible treatment from natural or synthetic drug sources. Multiple molecular mechanisms on pathophysiological cascades of monkeypox virus infection are discussed here along with updates on genomics, and possible preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: genomics; herbs; infection; molecular insights; monkeypox; treatment; vaccines.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart showing screening methodology for the review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Timeline of events in monkeypox’s global transmission.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monkeypox virus; (A) Structure, (B) Global transmission, (C) Reported death cases of different geographical areas (till 24, November, 2022).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Transmission, pathophysiology and symptoms of monkeypox.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representing prevention and treatment of monkeypox.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Representing mechanism and dose of various monkeypox treatments.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Representing possible leads constituents to mitigate monkeypox by microtubule inhibiting candidate.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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