Developmental delay and non-phenylketonuria (PKU) hyperphenylalaninemia in DNAJC12 deficiency: Case and approach

Abstract

Background: Hyperphenylalaninemia is a biomarker for several monogenic neurotransmitter disorders where the body cannot metabolise phenylalanine to tyrosine. Biallelic pathogenic variants in DNAJC12, co-chaperone of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan hydroxylases, leads to hyperphenylalaninemia and biogenic amines deficiency.

Methods and results: A male firstborn to non-consanguineous Sudanese parents had hyperphenylalaninemia 247 µmol/L [reference interval (RI) < 200 µmol/L] at newborn screening. Dried blood spot dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) assay and urine pterins were normal. He had severe developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder without a notable movement disorder. A low phenylalanine diet was introduced at two years without any clinical improvements. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters at five years demonstrated low homovanillic acid (HVA) 0.259 µmol/L (reference interval (RI) 0.345-0.716) and 5-hydroxyindoleaetic acid (5HIAA) levels 0.024 µmol/L (reference interval (RI) 0.100-0.245). Targeted neurotransmitter gene panel analysis identified a homozygous c.78 + 1del variant in DNAJC12. At six years, he was commenced on 5-hydroxytryptophan 20 mg daily, and his protein-restricted diet was liberalised, with continued good control of phenylalanine levels. Sapropterin dihydrochloride 7.2 mg/kg/day was added the following year with no observable clinical benefits. He remains globally delayed with severe autistic traits.

Conclusions: Urine, CSF neurotransmitter studies, and genetic testing will differentiate between phenylketonuria, tetrahydrobiopterin or DNAJC12 deficiency, with the latter characterised by a clinical spectrum ranging from mild autistic features or hyperactivity to severe intellectual disability, dystonia, and movement disorder, normal DHPR, reduced CSF HIAA and HVA. DNAJC12 deficiency should be considered early in the differential workup of hyperphenylalaninemia identified from newborn screening, with its genotyping performed once deficiencies of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) have been biochemically or genetically excluded.

Keywords: 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid; Co-chaperone; Homovanillic acid; Hyperphenylalaninemia; Phenylketonuria.