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. 2023 May 10;5(5):CD013600.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub6.

Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Claire Iannizzi  1 , Khai Li Chai  2 , Vanessa Piechotta  1 , Sarah J Valk  3   4 , Catherine Kimber  5 , Ina Monsef  1 , Erica M Wood  2 , Abigail A Lamikanra  6 , David J Roberts  5 , Zoe McQuilten  2 , Cynthia So-Osman  7   8 , Aikaj Jindal  9 , Nora Cryns  1 , Lise J Estcourt  10 , Nina Kreuzberger  1 , Nicole Skoetz  1
Affiliations

Convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review

Claire Iannizzi et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Convalescent plasma may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and is being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding benefits and risks of this intervention is required.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma transfusion in the treatment of people with COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach.

Search methods: To identify completed and ongoing studies, we searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and the Epistemonikos COVID-19 L*OVE Platform. We searched monthly until 03 March 2022.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating convalescent plasma for COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies that included populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)), as well as studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin.

Data collection and analysis: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies we used RoB 2. We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of evidence for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at up to day 28, worsening and improvement of clinical status (for individuals with moderate to severe disease), hospital admission or death, COVID-19 symptoms resolution (for individuals with mild disease), quality of life, grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and serious adverse events.

Main results: In this fourth review update version, we included 33 RCTs with 24,861 participants, of whom 11,432 received convalescent plasma. Of these, nine studies are single-centre studies and 24 are multi-centre studies. Fourteen studies took place in America, eight in Europe, three in South-East Asia, two in Africa, two in western Pacific and three in eastern Mediterranean regions and one in multiple regions. We identified a further 49 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma, and 33 studies reporting as being completed. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and moderate to severe disease 29 RCTs investigated the use of convalescent plasma for 22,728 participants with moderate to severe disease. 23 RCTs with 22,020 participants compared convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, five compared to standard plasma and one compared to human immunoglobulin. We evaluate subgroups on detection of antibodies detection, symptom onset, country income groups and several co-morbidities in the full text. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone Convalescent plasma does not reduce all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92 to 1.03; 220 per 1000; 21 RCTs, 19,021 participants; high-certainty evidence). It has little to no impact on need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.11; 296 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 14,477 participants; high-certainty evidence) and has no impact on whether participants are discharged from hospital (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.02; 665 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 12,721 participants; high-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on quality of life (MD 1.00, 95% CI -2.14 to 4.14; 1 RCT, 483 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no impact on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.42; 212 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 2392 participants; low-certainty evidence). It has probably little to no effect on the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.44; 135 per 1000; 6 RCTs, 3901 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.19; 129 per 1000; 4 RCTs, 484 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces or increases the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death (RR 5.59, 95% CI 0.29 to 108.38; 311 per 1000; 1 study, 34 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and whether it reduces or increases the risk of serious adverse events (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.15; 236 per 1000; 3 RCTs, 327 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.50; 464 per 1000; 1 study, 190 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mild disease We identified two RCTs reporting on 536 participants, comparing convalescent plasma to placebo or standard care alone, and two RCTs reporting on 1597 participants with mild disease, comparing convalescent plasma to standard plasma. Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (odds ratio (OR) 0.36, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.46; 8 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 536 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It may have little to no effect on admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.84; 117 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on time to COVID-19 symptom resolution (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.30; 483 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence), on the risk of grades 3 and 4 adverse events (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.19; 144 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence) and the risk of serious adverse events (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.94; 133 per 1000; 1 RCT, 376 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma reduces all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.75; 2 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1597 participants; very low-certainty evidence). It probably reduces admission to hospital or death within 28 days (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.75; 36 per 1000; 2 RCTs, 1595 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may have little to no effect on initial symptom resolution at up to day 28 (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.27; 1 RCT, 416 participants; low-certainty evidence). We did not identify any study reporting other key outcomes. This is a living systematic review. We search monthly for new evidence and update the review when we identify relevant new evidence.

Authors' conclusions: For the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone, our certainty in the evidence that convalescent plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease does not reduce mortality and has little to no impact on clinical improvement or worsening is high. It probably has little to no effect on SAEs. For individuals with mild disease, we have very-low to low certainty evidence for most primary outcomes and moderate certainty for hospital admission or death. There are 49 ongoing studies, and 33 studies reported as complete in a trials registry. Publication of ongoing studies might resolve some of the uncertainties around convalescent plasma therapy for people with asymptomatic or mild disease.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04356534 NCT04345523 NCT04346446 NCT04381858 NCT04344535 NCT04342182 NCT04530370 NCT04381936 NCT04433910 NCT04479163 NCT04359810 NCT04383535 NCT04392414 NCT04375098 NCT04434131 NCT04343261 NCT04338360 NCT04340050 NCT04357106 NCT04321421 NCT04441424.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

CI: none known, Managing Editor of Cochrane Haematology, but not involved in the editorial process for this review

KLC: HSANZ Leukaemia Foundation PhD scholarship to support studies at Monash University. This is not related to the work in this review.

VP: none known

SJV: is receiving a PhD scholarship from the not‐for‐profit Sanquin blood bank.

CK: none known

EA: none known

IM: none known

EMW: I have received funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

AL: none known

DJR: investigator on the REMAP‐CAP and RECOVERY trial. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

ZM: I have received funding support from Australian Medical Research Future Fund for a trial of convalescent plasma. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

CS‐O: is a member of the BEST Collaborative Clinical Study Group and Associate Editor for Transfusion Medicine Journal. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

AJ: Investigator of PLACID Trial. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

NC: none known

LJE: co‐lead of the COVID‐19 immunoglobulin domain of the REMAP‐CAP trial and investigator on the RECOVERY trial. I was not involved in bias assessment, data extraction or interpretation, but served as a content expert.

NK: none known, staff of Cochrane Haematology

NS: none known; she is Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Haematology, but was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality at up to day 60
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality (time to event)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: All‐cause mortality during hospital stay
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 5: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 28
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 6: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 7: Quality of life, assessed with standardised scales at day 28
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 8: Any grade adverse events
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 9: Grades 1‐2 adverse events
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 10: Grades 3 and 4 adverse events
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 11: Serious adverse events
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 12: Clinical improvement: weaning or liberation from invasive mechanical ventilation in surviving participants, for subgroups of participants requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 13: Clinical improvement: ventilator‐free days by day 28
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 14: Clinical improvement: liberation from supplemental oxygen in surviving participants, for subgroup of participants requiring any supplemental oxygen or ventilator support at baseline
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 15: Need for dialysis at up to 28 days
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 16: Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU)
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 17: Duration of hospitalisation
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 18: Viral clearance at up to day 3
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 19: Viral clearance at up to day 7
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 20: Viral clearance at up to day 14
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality (time to event)
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 28
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Duration of hospitalisation
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 5: Any grade adverse events
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 6: Serious adverse events
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality (time to event)
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Convalescent plasma versus human immunoglobulin for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: All‐cause mortality during hospital stay
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality at up to day 60
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 4: Time to symptom resolution
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 5: Clinical worsening: need for hospitalisation with at least need of oxygen by mask or nasal prongs, or death
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 6: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 28
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 7: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 60
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 8: Grades 3 and 4 adverse events
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 9: Serious adverse events
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 4: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 14
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 5: Clinical worsening: need for hospitalisation with need of at least oxygen by mask or nasal prongs, or death
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 6: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 28
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Subgroup analysis: antibodies in recipients detected at baseline for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28 (random‐effects analysis)
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Subgroup analysis: antibodies in recipients detected at baseline for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality (time to event)
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Subgroup analysis: antibodies in recipients detected at baseline for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death (random‐effects model)
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Subgroup analysis: antibodies in recipients detected at baseline for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28 (random‐effects model)
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: All‐cause mortality (time to event) (random‐effects model)
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death (random‐effects model)
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28 (random‐effects analysis)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: length of time since symptom onset for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition immunosuppression for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28 (random‐effects model)
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition immunosuppression for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition immunosuppression for the comparison of convalescent plasma vs. standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition immunosuppression for the comparison of convalescent plasma vs. standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition immunosuppression for the comparison of convalescent plasma vs. standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition diabetes for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition respiratory disease for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition respiratory disease for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death
14.3
14.3. Analysis
Comparison 14: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition respiratory disease for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition hypertension for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Subgroup analysis: pre‐existing condition hypertension for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17: Subgroup analysis: age of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death
18.3
18.3. Analysis
Comparison 18: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Admission to hospital or death within 28 days
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19: Subgroup analysis: sex of participants for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: All initial symptoms resolved (asymptomatic) at up to day 28
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or death at up to day 28
20.3
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Clinical improvement: participants discharged from hospital
20.4
20.4. Analysis
Comparison 20: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 4: Grades 3 and 4 adverse events
20.5
20.5. Analysis
Comparison 20: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 5: Serious adverse events
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 2: Clinical worsening: need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death at up to day 28
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for individuals with moderate to severe disease, Outcome 3: Serious adverse events
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up tp day 28
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 2: Grades 3 and 4 adverse events
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus placebo or standard care alone for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 3: Serious adverse events
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23: Subgroup analysis: income levels of countries for the comparison of convalescent plasma versus standard plasma for outpatients with mild disease, Outcome 1: All‐cause mortality at up to day 28
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Agarwal 2020 {published data only}
    1. Agarwal A, Mukherjee A, Kumar G, Chatterjee P, Bhatnagar T, Malhotra P, et al. Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in India: an open-label parallel-arm phase II multicentre randomized controlled trial (PLACID Trial). medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Agarwal A, Mukherjee A, Kumar G, Chatterjee P, Bhatnagar T, Malhotra P, et al. Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID trial). BMJ 2020;371:m3939. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Agarwal A, Mukherjee A, Kumar G, Chatterjee P, Bhatnagar T, Malhotra P, et al. Erratum: Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in adults in India: Open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial) (The BMJ (2020) 371 (m3939) DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3939). The BMJ 2020;371 (no pagination)(m4232):1-10. - PMC - PubMed
Alemany 2022 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Alemany A, Millat-Martinez P, Corbacho-Monné M, Malchair P, Ouchi D, Ruiz-Comellas A, et al. High-titre methylene blue-treated convalescent plasma as an early treatment for outpatients with COVID-19: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2022;10(3):278-88. [DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00545-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
AlQahtani 2021 {published data only}
    1. AlQahtani M, Abdulrahman A, Almadani A, Alali SY, Al Zamrooni AM, Hejab A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma therapy against standard therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. AlQahtani M, Abdulrahman A, Almadani A, Alali SY, Al Zamrooni AM, Hejab A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma therapy against standard therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Scientific Reports 2021;11(1):9927. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89444-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Avendano‐Sola 2021 {published data only}
    1. Avendano-Sola C, Ramos-Martinez A, Munez-Rubio E, Ruiz-Antoran B, Malo de Molina R, Torres F, et al. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Avendaño-Solá C, Ramos-Martínez A, Muñez-Rubio E, Ruiz-Antorán B, Malo de Molina R, Torres F, et al. A multicenter randomized open-label clinical trial for convalescent plasma in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2021;131(20):e152740. [DOI: 10.1172/JCI152740] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diago-Sempere E, Bueno JL, Sancho-Lopez A, Munez-Rubio E, Torres F, Malo de Molina R, et al. Evaluation of convalescent plasma versus standard of care for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients: study protocol for a phase 2 randomized, open-label, controlled, multicenter trial. Trials 2021;22(1):70. - PMC - PubMed
Bajpai 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bajpai M, Kumar S, Maheshwari A, Chabra K, Kale P, Gupta A, et al. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy compared to fresh frozen plasma in severely ill COVID-19 patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Medrxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
Baldeon 2022 {published data only}
    1. Baldeón ME, Maldonado A, Ochoa-Anrade M, Largo C, Pesantez M, Herdoiza M. Effect of convalescent plasma as complementary treatment inpatients with moderate COVID-19 infection. Transfusion Medicine 2022;32(2):153-61. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12851] - DOI - PubMed
Bar 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bar KJ, Shaw PA, Choi GH, Aqui N, Fesnak A, Yang JB, et al. A randomized controlled study of convalescent plasma for individuals hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2021;131(24):e155114. [DOI: 10.1172/JCI155114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Begin 2021 {published data only}
    1. Begin P, Callum J, Heddle N, Cook R, Zeller MP, Timmouth A, et al. Convalescent plasma for adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1): study protocol for an international, multicentre, randomized, open-label trial. Trials 2021;22(1):323. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05235-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, Cook R, Heddle NM, Tinmouth A, et al. Author correction: Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Nature Medicine 2022;28:212. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01667-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, Cook R, Heddle NM, Tinmouth A, et al. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Nature Medicine 2021;27:2012-24. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. The CONCOR-1 Study Group, Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, Cook R, Heddle N M, Tinmouth A, et al. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and the effect of plasma antibodies: a randomized controlled, open-label trial. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]
Beltran Gonzalez 2021 {published data only}
    1. Beltran Gonzalez JL, Gonzalez Gamez M, Mendoza Enciso EA, Esparza Maldonado RJ, Hernandez Palacios D, Duenas Campos S, et al. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill COVID-19 patients. A controlled clinical trial. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]
Bennett‐Guerrero 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bennett-Guerrero E, Romeiser JL, Talbot LR, Ahmed T, Mamone LJ, Singh SM, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 convalescent plasma versus standard plasma in coronavirus disease 2019 infected hospitalized patients in New York. Critical Care Medicine 2021;49(7):1015-25. [DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005066] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
CoV‐Early {published data only}
    1. NCT04589949. Early convalescent plasma therapy for high-risk patients with COVID-19 in primary care (the CoV-Early Study). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04589949 (first received 19 October 2020).
De Santis 2022 {published data only}
    1. De Santis GC, Correa Oliveira L, Garibaldi PM, Almado CE, Croda J, Arcanjo GG, et al. High-dose convalescent plasma for treatment of severe COVID-19. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2022;28(3):548-55. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.212299] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Devos 2021 {published data only}
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. A randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. Trials 27 November 2020;21:981. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. Correction to: a randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. Trials 14 December 2020;21:981. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04876-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Devos T, Geukens T, Schauwvlieghe A, Ariën K, Barbezange C, Cleeren M, et al. A randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: the Donated Antibodies Working against nCoV (DAWn-Plasma) trial. ResearchSquare [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Devos T, Van Thillo Q, Compernolle V, Najdovski T, Romano M, Dauby N, et al. Early high antibody-titre convalescent plasma for hospitalised COVID-19 patients: DAWn-plasma. European Respiratory Journal 2021;59(2):2101724. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01724-2021] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Estcourt 2021 {published data only}
    1. The REMAP-CAP Investigators, Estcourt LJ. Convalescent plasma in critically ill patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]
    1. Writing committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators, Estcourt LJ, Turgeon AF, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Al-Beidh F, Annane D, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma on organ support-free days in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;326:1690-702. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.18178.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gharbharan 2021 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gharbharan A, Jordans C, GeurtsvanKessel C, Hollander J, Karim F, Mollema F, et al. Effects of potent neutralizing antibodies from convalescent plasma in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. ResearchSquare [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gharbharan A, Jordans CC, GeurtsvanKessel C, den Hollander JG, Karim F, Mollema FP, et al. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19. A randomized clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Gharbharan A, Jordans CC, GeurtsvanKessel C, den Hollander JG, Karim F, Mollema FP, et al. Effects of potent neutralizing antibodies from convalescent plasma in patients hospitalized for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Communications 2021;21:3189. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23469-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hamdy Salman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hamdy Salman O, Ail Mohamed HS. Efficacy and safety of transfusing plasma from COVID-19 survivors to COVID-19 victims with severe illness. A double-blinded controlled preliminary study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2020;36(1):264-72. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2020.1842087] - DOI
Holm 2021 {published data only}
    1. Holm K, Lundgren MN, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Ljungquist O, Böttiger B, Wikén C, et al. Convalescence plasma treatment of COVID-19: results from a prematurely terminated randomized controlled open-label study in southern Sweden. BMC Research Notes 2021;14(1):440. [DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05847-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Horby 2021b {published data only}
    1. Horby PW, Estcourt L, Peto L, Emberson JR, Staplin N, Spata E, et al. Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]
    1. RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet 2021;397(10289):2049-59. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00897-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kirenga 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kirenga B, Byakika-Kibwika P, Muttamba W, Kayongo A, Loryndah NO, Mugenyi L, et al. Efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda. BMJ 2021;8:e001017. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001017] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Muttamba W, Lusiba J, Namakula LO, Byakika-Kibwika P, Ssali F, Ddungu H, et al. Feasibility of collecting and processing of COVID-19 convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 in Uganda. PLoS One 2021;16(6):e0252306. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252306] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Koerper 2021 {published data only}
    1. Koerper S, Jahrsdoerfer B, Appl T. Convalescent plasma for treatment of severe COVID-19: rationale and designing of a randomized, open-label clinical trial of convalescent plasma compared to best supportive care (CAPSID Trial). Transfusionsmedizin 2020;10(3):143-9.
    1. Koerper S, Weiss M, Zickler D, Wiesmann T, Zacharowski K, Corman VM et al. High dose convalescent plasma in COVID-19: results from the randomized trial CAPSID. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Koerper S, Weiss M, Zickler D, Wiesmann T, Zacharowski K, Corman VM, et al. Results of the CAPSID randomized trial for high-dose convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 patients. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2021;131(20):e152264. [DOI: 10.1172/JCI152264] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Korley 2021 {published data only}
    1. Korley FK, Durkalski-Mauldin V, Yeatts SD, Schulman K, Davenport RD, Dumont LJ, et al. Early convalescent plasma for high-risk outpatients with COVID-19. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;385(21):1951-60. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2103784] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Li 2020 {published data only}
    1. Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, Tong X, Zheng S, Yang J, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients with severe and life-threatening COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 3 June 2020;324(5):460-70. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.10044] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y. Correction to data in trial of convalescent plasma treatment for COVID-19. JAMA 2020;324(5):519. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu Z. Errors in trial of effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients with severe and life-threatening COVID-19. JAMA 2020;324(5):518-9. - PubMed
Libster 2020 {published data only}
    1. Libster R , Marc GP , Wappner D , Coviello S , Bianchi A , Braem V, et al. Prevention of severe COVID-19 in the elderly by early high-titer plasma. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Libster R, Marc GP, Wappner D, Coviello S, Bianchi A, Braem V, et al. Early high-titer plasma therapy to prevent severe COVID-19 in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2021;384(7):610-18. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033700] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Menichetti 2021 {published data only}
    1. Menichetti F, Popoli P, Puopolo M, Alegiani Spila S, Tiseon G, Bartolini A, et al. Effect of high-titer convalescent plasma on progression to severe respiratory failure or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 2021;4(11):e2136246. [DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36246] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT04421404 {published data only}
    1. NCT04421404. Effects of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) on coronavirus-associated complications in hospitalized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04421404 (first received 9 June 2020).
Ortigoza 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ortigoza MB, Yoon H, Goldfeld KS, Troxel AB, Daily JP, Wu Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2022;182(2):115-26. [DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6850] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
O’Donnell 2021 {published data only}
    1. Eckhardt CM, Cummings MJ, Rajagopalan KN, Borden S, Bitan ZC, Wolf A, et al. Correction to: evaluating the efficacy and safety of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in severely ill adults with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):927. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04877-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Eckhardt CM, Cummings MJ, Rajagopalan KN, Borden S, Bitan ZC, Wolf A, et al. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in severely ill adults with COVID-19: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):499. - PMC - PubMed
    1. O’Donnell M, Grinsztejn B, Cummings MJ, Justman J, Lamb MR, Eckhardt CM, et al. A randomized double-blind controlled trial of convalescent plasma in adults with severe COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2021 [Epub ahead of print];11:150646. [DOI: 10.1172/JCI150646] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. O’Donnell M, Grinsztejn B, Cummings MJ, Justman J, Lamb MR, Eckhardt CM, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of convalescent plasma in adults with severe COVID-19. MedRxiv [Preprint} 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pouladzadeh 2021 {published data only}
    1. Pouladzadeh M, Safdarian M, Eshghi P, Abolghasemi H, Bavani AG, Sheibani B, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating the immunomodulatory effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19-related cytokine storm. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2021;16:2181-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02734-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ray 2022 {published data only}
    1. Bandopadhyay P, Rozario R, Lahiri A, Sarif J, Ray Y, Paul SR, et al. Nature and dimensions of the cytokine storm and its attenuation by convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Ray Y, Paul SR, Bandopadhyay P, D'Rozario R, Sarif J, Lahiri A, et al. Clinical and immunological benefits of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19: insights from a single center open label randomised control trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
    1. Ray Y, Paul SR, Bandopadhyay P, D'Rozario R, Sarif J, Raychaudhuri D, et al. A phase 2 single center open label randomised control trial for convalescent plasma therapy in patients with severe COVID-19. Nature Communications 2022;13:383. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28064-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sekine 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sekine L, Arns B, Fabro BR, Cipolatt MM, Machado RR, Durigon EL, et al. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 in hospitalised patients: an open-label, randomised clinical trial. European Respiratory Journal 2021;59(2):2101471. [EMBASE: 10.1183/13993003.01471-2021] - PMC - PubMed
Simonovich 2020 {published data only}
    1. Simonovich VA, Burgos PL, Scibona P, Beruto MV, Vallone MG, Vázquez C, et al. A randomized trial of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 severe pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine 2020;384(7):619-29. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031304] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sullivan 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, et al. Early outpatient treatment for COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. New England Journal of Medicine March 2022 [Epub ahead of print];Moa2119657:NP. [DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2119657] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Van den Berg 2022 {published data only}
    1. Van den Berg K, Glatt TN, Vermeulen M, Little F, Swanevelder R, Barrett C, et al. Convalescent plasma in the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial (PROTECT-Patient Trial). Scientific Reports 2022;12:2552. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06221-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdullah 2020 {published data only}
    1. Abdullah HM, Hama-Ali HH, Ahmed SN, Ali KM, Karadakhy KA, Mahmood SO, et al. A severe refractory COVID-19 patient responding to convalescent plasma; a case series. Annals of Medicine and Surgery 2020;56:125-7. - PMC - PubMed
Abolghasemi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020 July 15 [Epub ahead of print];59(5):102875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102875] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ahn 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2020;35(14):e149. - PMC - PubMed
Allahyari 2021 {published data only}
    1. Allahyari A, Seddigh-Shamsi M, Mahmoudi M, Amel Jamehdar S, Amini M, Mozdourian M, et al. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. International Immunopharmacology 2021;93:107239. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. IRCT20200409047007N1. Effect of COVID 19 survivors plasma in COVID 19 patients with ARDS. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47058 (first received 12 April 2020).
Anderson 2020 {published data only}
    1. Anderson J, Schauer J, Bryant S, Graves CR. The use of convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir in the successful management of a critically ill obstetric patient with novel coronavirus 2019 infection: a case report. Case Reports in Women's Health 2020;27:e00221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00221] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Baklaushev 2020 {published data only}
    1. Baklaushev VP, Averyanov AV, Sotnikova AG, Perkina AS, Ivanov AV, Yusubalieva GM, et al. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: the preliminary results of a clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Practice 2020;11(2):38-50.
Balcells 2020 {published data only}
    1. Balcells ME, Rojas L, Le Corre N, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Ceballos ME, Ferrés M, et al. Early anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in patients admitted for COVID-19: a randomized phase II clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Bao 2020b {published data only}
    1. Bao Y, Lin SY, Cheng ZH, Xia J, Sun YP, Zhao Q, et al. Clinical features of COVID-19 in a young man with massive cerebral hemorrhage—case report. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020 May 23 [Epub ahead of print];2:703–9. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00315-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bobek 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bobek I, Gopcsa L, Reti M, Beko G, Hancz L, Lakatos B, et al. Successful administration of convalescent plasma in critically ill COVID-19 patients in Hungary: the first two cases. Orvosi Hetilap 2020;161(27):1111-21. - PubMed
Bradfute 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bradfute SB, Hurwitz I, Yingling AV, Ye C, Cheng Q, Noonan TP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in convalescent plasma and recipients in New Mexico: an open treatment study in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;11:11. - PMC - PubMed
Brasil Ministerio 2020 {published data only}
    1. Brasil Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Ciência. NA [Tratamento farmacológico para casos internados com SARS-COV-2, do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo]. Available from fi-admin.bvsalud.org/document/view/27t7v (accessed 25 June 2020).
Budhai 2020 {published data only}
    1. Budhai A, Wu AA, Hall L, Strauss D, Paradiso S, Alberigo J, et al. How did we rapidly implement a convalescent plasma program? Transfusion 2020 May 25 [Epub ahead of print];60:1348-55. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15910] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cantore 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cantore I, Valente P. Convalescent plasma from COVID 19 patients enhances intensive care unit survival rate. A preliminary report. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020 Jun 10 [Epub ahead of print];59(5):102848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102848] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cao 2020a {published data only}
    1. Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2020;7(3):ofaa102. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2020b {published data only}
    1. Chen X, Li Y, Wang J, Cai H, Cao H, Sheng J. Pregnant women complicated with COVID-19: a clinical analysis of 3 cases. Zhejiang da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical Sciences 2020;49(2):240-4. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2020c {published data only}
    1. Chen Q, Quan B, Li X, Gao G, Zheng W, Zhang J, et al. A report of clinical diagnosis and treatment of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019. Journal of Medical Virology 2020;92(6):683-7. - PMC - PubMed
ChiCTR2000029850 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000029850. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma treatment for severe patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a prospective cohort study. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49533 (first received 15 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030039 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030039. Clinical study for infusing convalescent plasma to treat patients with new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49544 (first received 21 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030312 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030312. Cancelled, due to modify the protocol A single-center, open-label and single arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment& [A single-center, open-label and single arm trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient]. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50258 (first received 23 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000030381 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030381. Cancelled by investigator. A randomized, open-label, controlled and single-center trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient [A randomized, open-label, controlled and single-center trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) patient]. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50290 (first received 23 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000030442 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030442. Combination of tocilizumab, IVIG and CRRT in severe patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50380 (first received 23 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000031501 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000031501. The efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with critical novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a pragmatic, prospective cohort study. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50254 (first received 2 April 2020).
ChiCTR2000033798 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000033798. The efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma therapy in novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19): a medical records based retrospective cohort study. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=55194 (first received 12 June 2020).
Clark 2020 {published data only}
    1. Clark E, Guilpain P, Filip L, Pansu N, Le Bihan C, Cartron G, et al. Convalescent plasma for persisting COVID-19 following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion: a report of rapid recovery. British Journal of Haematology 2020;27:27. - PMC - PubMed
CTRI/2020/04/024804 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024804. Evaluation of safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=42849 (first received 22 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/08/027285 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/08/027285. Safety of convalescent plasma (CVP) drawn from mild symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Available from www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45050 (first received 21 August 2020).
CTRI/2020/09/027903 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/09/027903. Testing the efficacy and safety of a blood product COVID-19 hyper-immuneglobulin (human) solution in participants with active COVID-19. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=47147 (first received 18 September 2020).
CTRI/2020/10/028547 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/10/028547. IND02 for prevention against SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomized controlled study in moderate to high risk population. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=48708&EncHid=&userN....
Çınar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Çınar OE, Sayınalp B, Karakulak EA, Karataş AA, Velet M, İnkaya AÇ, et al. Convalescent (immune) plasma treatment in a myelodysplastic COVID-19 patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020;59(5):102821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102821] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
de Assis 2020 {published data only}
    1. Assis RR, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Felgner J, Obiero JM, et al. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma using a coronavirus antigen microarray. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.15.043364] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Díez 2020 {published data only}
    1. Díez JM, Romero C, Gajardo R. Currently available intravenous immunoglobulin contains antibodies reacting against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigens. Immunotherapy 2020 May 13 [Epub];12:571-6. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0095] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Donato 2020 {published data only}
    1. Donato M, Park S, Baker M, Korngold R, Morawski A, Geng X, et al. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with high-titer convalescent plasma: a prospective study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.20.20156398] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Duan 2020 {published data only}
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Dulipsingh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dulipsingh L, Danyal I, Crowell R, Diffenderfer M, Williams K, Lima C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 serology and virology trends in donors and recipients of convalescent plasma. Transfus Apher Sci 2020;59:102922. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Enzmann 2020 {published data only}
    1. Enzmann MO, Erickson MP, Grindeland CJ, Lopez SM, Hoover SE, Leedahl DD. Treatment and preliminary outcomes of 150 acute care patients with COVID-19 in a rural health system in the Dakotas. Epidemiology and Infection 2020;148:e124. - PMC - PubMed
Erkurt 2020 {published data only}
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EUCTR2020‐005979‐12‐GR {published data only}
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Fan 2020 {published data only}
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Figlerowicz 2020 {published data only}
    1. Figlerowicz M, Mania A, Lubarski K, Lewandowska Z, Sluzewski W, Derwich K, et al. First case of convalescent plasma transfusion in a child with COVID-19-associated severe aplastic anemia. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020 July 1 [Epub ahead of print];59(5):102866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102866] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Franchini 2020 {published data only}
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Gaborit 2021 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR202000257427. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a and 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of XAV-19 in patients with COVID-19 induced moderate pneumonia. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-002574-27/FR (first received 01 July 2020).
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Grisolia 2020 {published data only}
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Hashim 2020 {published data only}
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Hu 2020 {published data only}
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Ibrahim 2020 {published data only}
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Im 2020 {published data only}
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IRCT20151228025732N53 {published data only}
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IRCT20200406046968N2 {published data only}
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IRCT20200414047072N1 {published data only}
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IRCT20200416047099N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200416047099N1. Plasma therapy in patient with COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47266 (first received 21 April 2020).
IRCT20200508047346N1 {published data only}
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IRCT20200525047562N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200525047562N1. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/48493 (first received 14 June 2020).
ISRCTN86534580 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN86534580. A trial evaluating treatments for suspected coronavirus infection in people aged 50 years and above with pre-existing conditions and those aged 65 years and above. Available from www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN86534580 (first received 20 March 2020).
Jamous 2020 {published data only}
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Jiang 2020a {published data only}
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Jiang 2020b {published data only}
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Jin 2020 {published data only}
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Joyner 2020 {published data only}
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jRCT2031200174 {published data only}
    1. jRCT2031200174. An international multicenter, adaptive, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety, tolerability and efficacy of anti-coronavirus hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of adult hospitalized patients at onset of clinical progression of COVID-19. Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-jRCT2031200174 (first received 26 October 2020).
Karatas 2020 {published data only}
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Kong 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kong Y, Cai C, Ling L, Zeng L, Wu M, Wu Y, et al. Successful treatment of a centenarian with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using convalescent plasma. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2020 May 21 [Epub ahead of print];59:102820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102820] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lin JH, Chen YC, Lu CL, Hsu YN, Wang WJ. Application of plasma exchange in association with higher dose CVVH in cytokine storm complicating COVID-19. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2020;119(6):1116-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.023] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Liu 2020a {published data only}
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Liu 2020b {published data only}
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Madariaga 2020 {published data only}
    1. Madariaga ML, Guthmiller J, Schrantz S, Jansen M, Christenson C, Kumar M, et al. Clinical predictors of donor antibody titer and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.21.20132944] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Martinez‐Resendez 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Resendez MF, Castilleja-Leal F, Torres-Quintanilla A, Rojas-Martinez A, Garcia-Rivas G, Ortiz-Lopez R, et al. Initial experience in Mexico with convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure, a retrospective case series. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.14.20144469] - DOI
McCuddy 2020 {published data only}
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Ministerio de Salud 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ministerio de Salud - Instituto Nacional de Salud. NA [Lineamientos técnicos para uso de plasma convaleciente en pacientes con COVID-19]. Available from fi-admin.bvsalud.org/document/view/nruba 2020;1:20.
Mira 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mira E, Yarce OA, Ortega C, Fernández S, Pascual N, Gómez C, et al. Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2020;8(8):2793-5. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04261426 {published data only}
    1. NCT04261426. The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe 2019-nCoV infected pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04261426 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04264858 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030841. Treatment of acute severe COVID-19 with immunoglobulin from cured COVID-19 patients. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=51072 (first received 15 March 2020).
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NCT04292340 {published data only}
    1. NCT04292340. The efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inactivated convalescent plasma in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia patient (COVID-19): an observational study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04292340 (first received 3 March 2020).
NCT04321421 {published data only}
    1. NCT04321421. Hyperimmune plasma for critical patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04321421 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04323800 {published data only}
    1. NCT04323800. Convalescent plasma to stem coronavirus: a randomized, blinded phase 2 study comparing the efficacy and safety human coronavirus immune plasma (HCIP) vs. control (SARS-CoV-2 non-immune plasma) among adults exposed to COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04323800 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04325672 {published data only}
    1. NCT04325672. Convalescent plasma to limit coronavirus associated complications: an open label, phase 2A study of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04325672 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04327349 {published data only}
    1. NCT04327349. Investigating effect of convalescent plasma on COVID-19 patients outcome: a clinical trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04327349 (first received 31 March 2020).
NCT04332380 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332380. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332380 (first received 2 April 2020).
NCT04333355 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333355. Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety of convalescent plasma as an adjuvant therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333355 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04338360 {published data only}
    1. NCT04338360. Expanded access to convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04338360 (first received 8 April 2020).
NCT04344015 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344015. COVID-19 plasma collection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344015 (first received 23 April 2020).
NCT04344379 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344379. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital workers exposed to the virus. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04344379 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04344977 {published data only}
    1. NCT04344977. COVID-19 plasma collection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04344977 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04345679 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345679. Anti COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345679 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04346589 {published data only}
    1. NCT04346589. Convalescent antibodies infusion in critically ill COVID 19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04346589 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04347681 {published data only}
    1. Albalawi M, Zaidi SZ, AlShehry N, AlAskar A, Zaidi AR, Abdallah RN, et al. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat severe COVID-19: protocol for the Saudi collaborative multi-center phase II study. JMIR Research Protocol 2020;9(10):e23543. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04347681. Potential efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat severe COVID-19 and patients at high risk of developing severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04347681 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04348877 {published data only}
    1. NCT04348877. Plasma rich antibodies from recovered patients from COVID19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348877 (first received 16 April 2020).
NCT04350580 {published data only}
    1. NCT04350580. Polyvalent immunoglobulin in COVID-19 related ARDS. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04350580 (first received 17 April 2020).
NCT04352751 {published data only}
    1. NCT04352751. Experimental use of convalescent plasma for passive immunization in current COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan in 2020. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04352751 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04353206 {published data only}
    1. NCT04353206. Convalescent plasma in ICU patients with COVID-19-induced respiratory failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04353206 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04354831 {published data only}
    1. NCT04354831. A study evaluating the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354831 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04355897 {published data only}
    1. NCT04355897. COVID-19 plasma in treatment of COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04355897 (first received 21 April 2020).
NCT04356482 {published data only}
    1. NCT04356482. Convalescent plasma for ill patients by COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04356482 (first received 22 April 2020).
NCT04358211 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358211. Expanded access to convalescent plasma to treat and prevent pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358211 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04360278 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360278. Plasma collection from convalescent and/or immunized donors for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360278 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04360486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04360486. Treatment of COVID-19 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma (ASCoV2CP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04360486 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04363034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04363034. Arkansas expanded access COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment program. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04363034 (first received 27 April 2020).
NCT04365439 {published data only}
    1. NCT04365439. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04365439 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04366245 {published data only}
    1. NCT04366245. Clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with hyperimmune plasma obtained from convalescent antibodies of COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04366245 (first received 28 April 2020).
NCT04368013 {published data only}
    1. NCT04368013. Host-pathogen interactions, immune response, and clinical prognosis at COVID-19 - the CoVUm trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04368013 (first received 20 April 2020).
NCT04372368 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372368. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372368 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04374370 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374370. SARSCoV2 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CP) expanded access protocol (EAP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374370 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04374565 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374565. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374565 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04376034 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376034. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376034 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377568 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377568. Efficacy of human coronavirus-immune convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 disease in hospitalized children. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377568 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04377672 {published data only}
    1. NCT04377672. Human convalescent plasma for high-risk children exposed or infected with SARS-CoV-2. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04377672 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04383548 {published data only}
    1. NCT04383548. Clinical study for efficacy of anti-corona VS2 immunoglobulins prepared from COVID19 convalescent plasma prepared by VIPS mini-pool IVIG medical devices in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high risk groups as well as treatment of early cases of COVID. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04383548 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384497 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384497. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: an exploratory dose identifying study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04384497 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04384588 {published data only}
    1. NCT04384588. COVID19-convalescent plasma for treating patients with active symptomatic COVID 19 infection (FALP-COVID). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04384588 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04388527 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388527. COVID-19 convalescent plasma for mechanically ventilated population. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388527 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04389710 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389710. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389710 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04389944 {published data only}
    1. NCT04389944. Amotosalen-ultraviolet a pathogen-inactivated convalescent plasma in addition to best supportive care and antiviral therapy on clinical deterioration in adults presenting with moderate to severe COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04389944 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04390178 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390178. Convalescent plasma as treatment for acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04390178 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04392232 {published data only}
    1. NCT04392232. A phase 2 study of COVID 19 convalescent plasma in high risk patients with COVID 19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04392232 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04393727 {published data only}
    1. NCT04393727. Transfusion of convalescent plasma for the early treatment of pneumonIa due to SARSCoV2. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04393727 (first received 19 May 2020).
NCT04395170 {published data only}
    1. NCT04395170. Convalescent plasma compared to anti-COVID-19 human immunoglobulin and standard treatment (TE) in hospitalized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04395170 (first received 20 May 2020).
NCT04397523 {published data only}
    1. NCT04397523. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04397523 (first received 21 May 2020).
NCT04407208 {published data only}
    1. NCT04407208. Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04407208 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04408040 {published data only}
    1. Use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04408040 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04408209 {published data only}
    1. NCT04408209. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04408209 (first received 29 May 2020).
NCT04411602 {published data only}
    1. NCT04411602. Feasibility study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma transfusions in COVID-19 patients with SRD. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04411602 (first received 2 June 2020).
NCT04412486 {published data only}
    1. NCT04412486. COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04412486 (first received 2 June 2020).
NCT04418531 {published data only}
    1. NCT04418531. Convalescent antibodies infusion in COVID 19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04418531 (first received 5 June 2020).
NCT04420988 {published data only}
    1. Investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma infusion for severely or life-threateningly ill COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04420988 (first received 09 June 2020).
NCT04432103 {published data only}
    1. NCT04432103. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04432103 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04432272 {published data only}
    1. NCT04432272. Antibody-level based analysis of COVID convalescent serum (ABACCuS). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04432272 (first received 16 June 2020).
NCT04438694 {published data only}
    1. NCT04438694. Use of convalescent plasma for treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04438694 (first received 19 June 2020).
NCT04445207 {published data only}
    1. Experimental expanded access treatment with convalescent plasma for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445207 (first received 24 June 2020).
NCT04458363 {published data only}
    1. NCT04458363. Convalescent plasma in pediatric COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04458363 (first received 07 July 2020).
NCT04462848 {published data only}
    1. NCT04462848. COVID-19 convalescent plasma as prevention and treatment for children with underlying medical conditions. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04462848 (first received 8 July 2020).
NCT04463823 {published data only}
    1. "NORPLASMA" COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment monitoring study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463823 (first received 09 July 2020).
NCT04467151 {published data only}
    1. NCT04467151. Administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in hospitalized, non-ICU patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04467151 (first received 10 July 2020).
NCT04468958 {published data only}
    1. NCT04468958. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SAB-185 in healthy participants. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04468958 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04469179 {published data only}
    1. NCT04469179. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of SAB-185 in ambulatory participants with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04469179 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04471051 {published data only}
    1. NCT04471051. An observational cohort trial of outcomes and antibody responses following treatment with COVID19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04471051 (first received 14 July 2020).
NCT04472572 {published data only}
    1. NCT04472572. Expanded access to convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04472572 (first received 15 July 2020).
NCT04474340 {published data only}
    1. NCT04474340. COVID-19 convalescent plasma treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: multicenter interventional study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04474340 (first received 16 July 2020).
NCT04476888 {published data only}
    1. NCT04476888. Convalescent plasma treatment in COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04476888 (first received 20 July 2020).
NCT04492501 {published data only}
    1. Investigational treatments for COVID-19 in tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04492501 (first received 30 July 2020).
NCT04497779 {published data only}
    1. Evaluation of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04497779 (first received 04 August 2020).
NCT04502472 {published data only}
    1. NCT04502472. Open-label treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04502472 (first received 06 August 2020).
NCT04513158 {published data only}
    1. NCT04513158. Convalescent plasma in the early treatment of high-risk patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04513158 (first received 14 August 2020).
NCT04514302 {published data only}
    1. NCT04514302. Safety and efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 equine antibody fragments (INOSARS) for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04514302 (first received 14 August 2020).
NCT04516954 {published data only}
    1. NCT04516954. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04516954 (first received 18 August 2020).
NCT04524507 {published data only}
    1. NCT04524507. COVID-19 antibody plasma research study in hospitalized patients (UNC CCP RCT). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04524507 (first received 24 August 2020).
NCT04535063 {published data only}
    1. NCT04535063. Convalescent plasma as potential therapy for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04535063 (first received 01 September 2020).
NCT04545047 {published data only}
    1. NCT04545047. Observational study of convalescent plasma for treatment of veterans with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04545047 (first received 10 September 2020).
NCT04546581 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-002542-16-GR. Treatment of patients with coronavirus infection with immunoglobulin. Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-002542-16-GR (first received 14 September 2020).
    1. NCT04546581. Inpatient treatment with anti-coronavirus immunoglobulin (ITAC). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04546581 (first received 14 September 2020).
NCT04554992 {published data only}
    1. NCT04554992. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04554992 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04555109 {published data only}
    1. NCT04555109. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 research donor study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04555109 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04555148 {published data only}
    1. NCT04555148. COVIDIG (COVID-19 Hyper-ImmunoGlobulin). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04555148 (first received 18 September 2020).
NCT04565197 {published data only}
    1. NCT04565197. Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04565197 (first received 25 September 20209.
NCT04569188 {published data only}
    1. NCT04569188. Convalescent plasma in COVID-19 elderly patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04569188 (first received 29 September 2020).
NCT04570982 {published data only}
    1. NCT04570982. Clinical protocol for convalescent plasma and remdesivir therapy in Nepal. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04570982 (first received 30 September 2020).
NCT04573855 {published data only}
    1. NCT04573855 - unclear. Treatment with anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04573855 (first received 05 October 2020).
NCT04593940 {published data only}
    1. NCT04593940. Immune modulators for treating COVID-19 (ACTIV-1 IM). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04593940 (first retrieved 14 June 2021).
NCT04610502 {published data only}
    1. NCT04610502. Efficacy and safety of two hyperimmune equine anti Sars-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04610502 (first received 30 October 2020).
NCT04614012 {published data only}
    1. NCT04614012. Hyperimmune plasma for patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04614012 (first received 03 November 2020).
NCT04616976 {published data only}
    1. NCT04616976. COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04616976 (first received 05 November 2020).
NCT04622826 {published data only}
    1. NCT04622826. plasmApuane CoV-2: efficacy and safety of immune COVID-19 plasma in COVID-19 pneumonia in non ITU patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04622826 (first received 10 November 2020).
NCT04638634 {published data only}
    1. NCT04638634. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of CSL760, an anti- COVID-19 hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin, in healthy adult subjects. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04638634 (first received 20 November 2020).
NCT04642014 {published data only}
    1. NCT04642014. Application of convalescent plasma in the treatment of SARS CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) with evaluation of therapy effectiveness. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04642014 (first received 24 November 2020).
NCT04644198 {published data only}
    1. NCT04644198. Convalescent plasma transfusion in severe COVID-19 patients in Jamaica. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04644198 (first received 25 November 2020).
NCT04661839 {published data only}
    1. NCT04661839. Phase 1 study to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV administered as a single dose or a repeat dose in healthy adults. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04661839 (first received 10 December 2020).
NCT04669990 {published data only}
    1. NCT04669990. Remdesivir and convalescent plasma therapy for treatment of COVID-19 infection in Nepal: a registry study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04669990 (first received 17 December 2020).
NCT04721236 {published data only}
    1. NCT04721236. Early use of hyperimmune plasma in COVID-19 (COV-II-PLA). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04721236 (first received 22 January 2021).
Niu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Niu A, McDougal A, Ning B, Safa F, Luk A, Mushatt DM, et al. COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant: high false-negative probability and role of CRISPR and convalescent plasma. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2020;15:15. - PMC - PubMed
Olivares‐Gazca 2020 {published data only}
    1. Olivares-Gazca JC, Priesca-Marin JM, Ojeda-Laguna M, Garces-Eisele J, Soto-Olvera S, Palacios-Alonso A, et al. Infusion of convalescent plasma is associated with clinical improvement in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Revista de Investigation Clinica 2020;72(3):159-64. - PubMed
Pei 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pei S, Yuan X, Zhimin ZZ, Run YR, Xie Y, Minxue SM, et al. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: Chinese strategy and experiences. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20056440] - DOI
Peng 2020 {published data only}
    1. Peng H, Gong T, Huang X, Sun X, Luo H, Wang W, et al. A synergistic role of convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients: a clinical case report. Stem Cell Research and Therapy 2020;11(1):291. - PMC - PubMed
PER‐031‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-031-20. Phase 2 Study of efficacy and safety of plasma from convalescent patients with COVID-19 in patients with moderate disease (AUNA 20-01). https://www.ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?num... (first received 06 July 2020).
Perotti 2020 {published data only}
    1. Perotti C, Baldanti F, Bruno R, Del Fante C, Seminari E, Casari S, et al. Mortality reduction in 46 severe COVID-19 patients treated with hyperimmune plasma. A proof of concept single arm multicenter trial. Haematologica 2020 July 23 [Epub ahead of print];105:2834-40. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perotti C, Baldanti F, Bruno R, Delfante C, Seminari E, Casari S, et al. Mortality reduction in 46 severe COVID-19 patients treated with hyperimmune plasma. A proof of concept single arm multicenter interventional trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113373] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Perotti C, Del Fante C, Baldanti F, Franchini M, Percivalle E, Vecchio Nepita E, et al. Plasma from donors recovered from the new coronavirus 2019 as therapy for critical patients with COVID-19 (COVID-19 plasma study): a multicentre study protocol. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2020;15(5):819-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02384-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Qiu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Qiu T, Wang J, Zhou J, Zou J, Chen Z, Ma X, et al. The report of two cases infection with novel coronavirus (2019-NCcoV) after kidney transplantation and the association literature analyzation. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E004.
Rasheed 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rasheed AM, Fatak DF, Hashim HA, Maulood MF, Kabah KK, Almusawi YA, et al. The therapeutic effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy on treating COVID-19 patients residing in respiratory care units in hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.24.20121905] - DOI - PubMed
RBR‐4vm3yy {published data only}
    1. RBR-4vm3yy. Effect of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19. www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4vm3yy/ (first received 11 May 2020).
RBR‐5r8gv8p {published data only}
    1. RBR-5r8gv8p. Clinical trial with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 therapy. REBEC (ensaiosclinicos.gov.br) (first received 07 July 2020).
Robbiani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Robbiani DF, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Cetrulo LJ, Wang Z, Cho A, et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.092619] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RPCEC00000323 {published data only}
    1. RPCEC00000323. Plasma treatment to asymptomatic patient with COVID-19 infection. rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000323-En (first received 03 July 2020).
Salazar 2020a {published data only}
    1. Salazar E, Christensen PA, Graviss EA, Nguyen DT, Castillo B, Chen J, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma reveals a signal of significantly decreased mortality. American Journal of Pathology 2020;11:11. - PMC - PubMed
Salazar 2020b {published data only}
    1. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma in Houston, Texas. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.08.20095471] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma. American Journal of Pathology 2020 May 27 [Epub ahead of print];190:1680-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA 2020;323(16):1582-9. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.4783] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shi 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shi H, Zhou C, He P, Huang S, Duan Y, Wang X, et al. Successful treatment of plasma exchange followed by intravenous immunoglobulin in a critically ill patient with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2020;56(2):105974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105974] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Soleimani 2020 {published data only}
    1. Soleimani Z, Soleimani A. ADRS due to COVID-19 in midterm pregnancy: successful management with plasma transfusion and corticosteroids. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2020 Jul 26 [Epub ahead of print];26:1-4. [DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1797669] - DOI - PubMed
Taher 2020 {published data only}
    1. Taher A, Alalwan AA, Naser N, Alsegai O, Alaradi A. Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 pneumonia: a single-center experience in Bahrain. Cureus 2020;12(8):e9693. - PMC - PubMed
Tan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tan L, Kang X, Zhang B, Zheng S, Liu B, Yu T, et al. A special case of COVID-19 with long duration of viral shedding for 49 days. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.22.20040071] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tu Y, Wu X, Liu F, Wang J, Luo Y, Cai Z, et al. Two clinical cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in renal transplant recipients. Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation 2020;41(0):E005.
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Zhu K. Convalescent plasma coupled with medications for the treatment of a severe COVID-19 patient: drugs analysis and pharmaceutical care based on the newly established guidelines for COVID-19 remedy. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11:966. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00966] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wright 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wright Z, Bersabe A, Eden R, Cap A. Successful use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in a patient recently treated for follicular lymphoma. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia 2020 Jun 25 [Epub ahead of print];21(1):66-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.06.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xia 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality on severe/critical COVID-19 patients utilizing convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood 2020;23:23. - PMC - PubMed
Xie 2020 {published data only}
    1. Xie Y, Cao S, Li Q, Chen E, Dong H, Zhang W, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2020;81(2):318-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.044] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Xu 2020b {published data only}
    1. Xu TM, Lin B, Chen C, Liu LG, Xue Y. Non-optimal effectiveness of convalescent plasma transfusion and hydroxychloroquine in treating COVID-19: a case report. Virology Journal 2020;17(1):80. - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yang X, Sui Y, Liu F, Kang Z, Wu S, Zhao J, et al. Clinical characteristics and convalescent plasma therapy in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients. Social Science Research Network 2020 May 5 [Preprint]. [DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3576894] - DOI
Ye 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang F, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Journal of Medical Virology 2020 April 15 [Epub ahead of print];92:1890-901. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25882] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zeng 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zeng QL, Yu ZJ, Gou JJ, Li GM, Ma SH, Zhang GF, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on viral shedding and survival in COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;222(1):38-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa228] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020a {published data only}
    1. Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Chest 2020;158(1):e9-e13. - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020b {published data only}
    1. Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chest 2020 Mar 31 [Epub ahead of print];158:e9-e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.039] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zhang 2020c {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Pang R, Xue X, Bao J, Ye S, Dai Y, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19. Aging 2020 Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print];12:6536–42. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.103102] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

CTRI/2020/05/025299 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/025299. Convalescent plasma to limit coronavirus associated complications: an open label clinical study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 plasma in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43752 (first received 21 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/025328 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/025328. Study to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma on outcome of COVID-19 associated complications. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43703 (first received 23 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/06/025803 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/06/025803. Effect of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=44478 (first received 11 June 2020).
EUCTR2020‐001860‐27‐GB {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001860-27-GB. AGILE: seamless phase I/IIa platform for the rapid evaluation of candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Available from https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001860-27/GB (first retrieved 14 June 2021).
IRCT20120215009014N353 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20120215009014N353. Effect of plasma of patients recovered from COVID-19 versus control group on treatment of COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Available from www.irct.ir/trial/47501 (first received 27 April 2020).
IRCT20150808023559N21 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20150808023559N21. The effect of convalescent plasma therapy on patients with 19-COVID. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47594 (first received 9 May 2020).
IRCT20200404046948N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200404046948N1. Efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/46973 (first received 15 April 2020).
IRCT20200413047056N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200413047056N1. Comparison between the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma in COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47212 (first received 17 April 2020).
IRCT20200501047258N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200501047258N1. Effects of convalescent plasma in COVID-19. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47629 (first received 04 May 2020).
IRCT20200503047281N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20200503047281N1. Evaluation of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from en.irct.ir/trial/47632 (first received 25 July 2020).
IRCT20201004048922N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20201004048922N1. Evaluation of the effectiveness of intravenous infusion of human COVID-19 hyperimmune plasma with specific antibody titer in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Available from www.irct.ir/trial/51443 (first received 19 July 2020).
NCT04315948 {published data only}
    1. NCT04315948. Trial of treatments for COVID-19 in hospitalized adults (DisCoVeRy). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315948 (first received 20 March 2020).
NCT04332835 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332835. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04332835 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04345991 {published data only}
    1. NCT04345991. Efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 patients, a nested trial in the CORIMUNO-19 cohort. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345991 (first received 15 April 2020).
NCT04358783 {published data only}
    1. NCT04358783. Convalescent plasma compared to the best available therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04358783 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04361253 {published data only}
    1. NCT04361253. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04361253 (first received 24 April 2020).
NCT04362176 {published data only}
    1. NCT04362176. Passive immunity trial of Nashville II. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04362176 (first received 24 April 2020).
    1. Self WH, Stewart TG, Wheeler AP, Atrouni WE, Bistran-Hall AJ, Casey JD et al. Passive immunity trial for our nation (PassITON): study protocol for a randomized placebo-control clinical trial evaluating COVID-19 convalescent plasma in hospitalized adults (preprint). Available from www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-227796/v1 [Preprint]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT04374526 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374526. Early transfusIon of convalescent plasma in elderly COVID-19 patients to prevent disease progression. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374526 (first received 5 May 2020).
    1. Teofili L, Landolfi R, Cingolani A, Antinori A, Vecchiet J, Sanguinetti M, et al. Early transfusion of convalescent plasma in older patients with COVID-19 to prevent disease progression: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):875. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04821-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT04385199 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385199. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385199 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04405310 {published data only}
    1. NCT04405310. Convalescent plasma of COVID-19 to treat SARS-COV-2 a randomized double blind 2 center trial (CPC-SARS). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04405310 (first received 28 May 2020).
NCT04425915 {published data only}
    1. NCT04425915. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04425915 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04428021 {published data only}
    1. NCT04428021. Standard or convalescent plasma in patients with recent onset of COVID-19 respiratory failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04428021 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04442958 {published data only}
    1. NCT04442958. Effectiveness of convalescent immune plasma therapy. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04442958 (first received 23 June 2020).
NCT04468009 {published data only}
    1. NCT04468009. Treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04468009 (first received 13 July 2020).
NCT04497324 {published data only}
    1. NCT04497324. Peruconplasma: evaluating the use of convalescent plasma as management of COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04497324 (first received 04 August 2020).
    1. PER-016-20. PERUCONPLASMA: Evaluating the use of convalescent plasma as managment of COVID-19. Available from www.ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?numec=016-20 (first received 01 June 2020).
    1. Soto A, Krapp F, Vargas A, Cabrejos L, Argumanis E, Garcia P L, et al. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma use among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (PERUCONPLASMA): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021;22:342. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT04501978 {published data only}
    1. NCT04501978. ACTIV-3: therapeutics for inpatients with COVID-19 (TICO). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04501978 (first received 6 August 2020).
NCT04521309 {published data only}
    1. Ali S, Luxmi S, Anjum F, Muhaymin SM, Uddin SM, Ali A, et al. Hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 IVIG (C-IVIG) therapy for passive immunization of severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(905). - PMC - PubMed
    1. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies based IVIG therapy for COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04521309 (first received 20 August 2020).
NCT04539275 {published data only}
    1. NCT04539275. COVID-19 (VA CURES-1). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04539275 (first received 04 September 2020).
NCT04542967 {published data only}
    1. NCT04542967. Study on the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04542967 (first received 09 September 2020).
NCT04547127 {published data only}
    1. Ferrer Roca R, Llamas P, Manez R, Galban C, Quintana M, Sanchez-Garcia M, et al. Design of a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. Conference: 33rd European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Annual Congress, ESICM 2020;8 Suppl 2.
    1. NCT04547127. A study to evaluate safety and efficacy of convalescent methylene blue treated (MBT) plasma from donors recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04547127 (first received 14 September 2020).
NCT04649879 {published data only}
    1. NCT04649879. Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: an open randomised controlled trial. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04649879 (first received 02 December 2020).
NCT04681430 {published data only}
    1. Keitel V, Jensen B, Feldt T, Fischer JC, Bode JG, Matuschek C, et al. Reconvalescent plasma/camostat mesylate in early SARS-CoV-2 Q-PCR positive high-risk individuals (RES-Q-HR): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021;22:343. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04681430. Reconvalescent plasma/camostat mesylate early in SARS-CoV-2 Q-PCR (COVID-19) positive high-risk individuals (RES-Q-HR). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04681430 (first received 23 December 2020).
NCT04801940 {published data only}
    1. NCT04801940. Helping alleviate the longer-term consequences of COVID-19 (HEAL-COVID). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04801940 (first retrieved 14 June 2021).

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR2000030010 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030010. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia patients (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=49777 (first received 19 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030179 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030179. Experimental study of novel coronavirus pneumonia rehabilitation plasma therapy severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50059 (first received 24 February 2020).
ChiCTR2000030627 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030627. Study on the application of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50727 (first received 8 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030702 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030702. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of common COVID-19: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50537 (first received 10 March 2020).
ChiCTR2000030929 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000030929. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus inactivated plasma in the treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). Available from www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50696 (first received 17 March 2020).
CTRI/2020/04/024915 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/04/024915. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 associated complications. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43332 (first received 29 April 2020).
CTRI/2020/05/025346 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/05/025346. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in severe COVID-19 patients. Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=43005 (first received 5 May 2020).
CTRI/2020/06/026123 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2020/06/026123. Plasma therapy in corona patients(Severe COVID-19). Available from ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=44667 (first received 24 June 2020).
EUCTR2020‐001632‐10 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001632-10. A randomized open label phase-II clinical trial with or without infusion of plasma from subjects after convalescence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk patients with confirmed severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001632-10/DE (first received 20 April 2020). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Janssen M, Schakel U, Djuka Fokou U, Krisam J, Stermann J, Kriegsmann K, et al. A randomized open label phase-II clinical trial with or without infusion of plasma from subjects after convalescence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk patients with confirmed severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (RECOVER): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):828. - PMC - PubMed
EUCTR2020‐001936‐86 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001936-86. A prospective, randomized, open label Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate superiority of anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma versus standard-of-care in hospitalized patients with mild COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001936-86/DE (first received 20 August 2020).
EUCTR2020‐002122‐82 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-002122-82. Prospective open-label randomized controlled phase 2b clinical study in parallel groups for the assessment of efficacy and safety of immune therapy with COVID-19 convalescent plasma plus standard treatment alone of subjects with severe COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-002122-82/DE (first received 07 May 2020).
EUCTR2020‐005410‐18 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-005410-18. Multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-commercial clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin in the treatment of COVID-19. Available from www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-005410-18/PL.
ISRCTN49832318 {published data only}
    1. SURCOVID trial: a randomized controlled trial using convalescent plasma early during moderate COVID-19 disease course in Suriname. Ongoing study. 1 June 2021. Contact author for more information.
jRCTs031200374 {published data only}
    1. jRCTs031200374. An open-label, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019... (first received 24 February 2021).
NCT04333251 {published data only}
    1. NCT04333251. Evaluating convalescent plasma to decrease coronavirus associated complications. A phase I study comparing the efficacy and safety of high-titer anti-Sars-CoV-2 plasma vs best supportive care in hospitalized patients with interstitial pneumonia due to COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04333251 (first received 3 April 2020).
NCT04345289 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Available from apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-001367-88-DK (first received 14 April 2020).
    1. NCT04345289. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia (CCAP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04345289 (first received 14 April 2020).
NCT04372979 {published data only}
    1. NCT04372979. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04372979 (first received 04 May 2020).
NCT04374487 {published data only}
    1. NCT04374487. A phase II, open label, randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma to limit COVID-19 associated complications. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04374487 (first received 5 May 2020).
NCT04376788 {published data only}
    1. NCT04376788. Exchange transfusion versus plasma from convalescent patients with methylene blue in patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04376788 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04380935 {published data only}
    1. NCT04380935. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04380935 (first received 6 May 2020).
NCT04385043 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385043. Hyperimmune plasma in patients with COVID-19 severe infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385043 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04385186 {published data only}
    1. NCT04385186. Inactivated convalescent plasma as a therapeutic alternative in patients COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04385186 (first received 12 May 2020).
NCT04388410 {published data only}
    1. NCT04388410. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma transfusion for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04388410 (first received 14 May 2020).
NCT04390503 {published data only}
    1. NCT04390503. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 close contacts. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04390503 (first received 15 May 2020).
NCT04391101 {published data only}
    1. NCT04391101. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04391101 (first received 18 May 2020).
NCT04403477 {published data only}
    1. Chowdhury FR, Hoque A, Chowdhury FU, Amin MR, Rahim A, Rahman MM, et al. Convalescent plasma transfusion therapy in severe COVID-19 patients- a safety, efficacy and dose response study: a structured summary of a study protocol of a phase II randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):883. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04734-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04403477. Convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04403477 (first received 27 May 2020).
NCT04415086 {published data only}
    1. NCT04415086. Treatment of patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04415086 (first received 4 June 2020).
NCT04418518 {published data only}
    1. NCT04418518. A trial of convalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04418518 (first received 5 June 2020).
NCT04425837 {published data only}
    1. NCT04425837. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma in patients with high-risk COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04425837 (first received 11 June 2020).
NCT04438057 {published data only}
    1. NCT04438057. Evaluating the efficacy of convalescent plasma in symptomatic outpatients infected with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04438057 (first received 18 June 2020).
NCT04442191 {published data only}
    1. NCT04442191. Convalescent plasma as a possible treatment for COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04442191 (first received 22 June 2020).
NCT04452812 {published data only}
    1. NCT04452812. Statistical and epidemiological study based on the use of convalescent plasma for the management of patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04452812 (first received 30 June 2020).
NCT04456413 {published data only}
    1. NCT04456413. Convalescent plasma as treatment for subjects with early COVID-19 infection. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04456413 (first received 2 July 2020).
NCT04483960 {published data only}
    1. NCT04483960. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04483960 (first received 23 July 2020).
NCT04521036 {published data only}
    1. NCT04521036. Convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients (CPCP). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04521036 (first received 20 August 2020).
NCT04528368 {published data only}
    1. NCT04528368. Convalescent plasma for treating patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without indication of ventilatory support. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04528368 (first received 27 August 2020).
NCT04558476 {published data only}
    1. Misset B, Hoste E, Donneau AF, Grimaldi D, Meyfroidt G, Moutschen M, et al. A multicenter randomized trial to assess the efficacy of CONvalescent plasma therapy in patients with Invasive COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure treated with mechanical ventilation: the CONFIDENT trial protocol. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2020;20(317). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Misset B, Hoste E, Donneau AF, Grimaldi D, Meyfroidt G, Moutschen M, et al. Correction to: A multicenter randomized trial to assess the efficacy of CONvalescent plasma therapy in patients with Invasive COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure treated with mechanical ventilation: the CONFIDENT trial protocol. BMC Pulmonary Medicine July 2021;248. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04558476. Efficacy of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID-19 treated with mechanical ventilation. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04558476 (first received 22 September 2020).
NCT04567173 {published data only}
    1. NCT04567173. Convalescent plasma as adjunctive therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04567173 (first received 28 September 2020).
NCT04634422 {published data only}
    1. NCT04634422. Plasma exchange (PLEX) and convalescent plasma (CCP) in COVID-19 patients with multiorgan failure. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04634422 (first received 18 November 2020).
NCT04712344 {published data only}
    1. NCT04712344. Assessment of efficacy and safety of therapy with COVID-19 convalescent plasma in subjects with severe COVID-19 (IPCO). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04712344 (first received 15 January 2021).
NCT04730401 {published data only}
    1. NCT04730401. Convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID-19 (CP_COVID-19). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04730401 (first received 27 January 2021).
NCT04803370 {published data only}
    1. NCT04803370. Efficacy of reinforcing standard therapy in COVID-19 patients with repeated transfusion of convalescent plasma. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04803370 (first received 14 June 2021).
NCT05077930 {published data only}
    1. NCT05077930. Convalescent plasma therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05077930.
NL8633 {published data only}
    1. NL8633. A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial of convalescent plasma compared to standard plasma for treatment of hospitalized non-ICU patients with COVID-19 infections. Available from trialregister.nl/trial/8633 (first received 13 May 2020).
PACTR202006760881890 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202006760881890. Lagos COVID-19 convalescent plasma trial (LACCPT). Available from pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=12168.
PACTR202007653923168 {published data only}
    1. PACTR202007653923168. A clinical trial comparing use of convalescent plasma therapy plus standard treatment to standard treatment alone in patients with severe COVID-19 infection. Available from pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=11047 (first received 16 July 2020).
PER‐013‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-013-20. Convalescent plasma as treatment for COVID-19. Available from ins.gob.pe/ensayosclinicos/rpec/recuperarECPBNuevoEN.asp?numec=013-20 (first received 25 June 2020).
PER‐060‐20 {published data only}
    1. PER-060-20. Randomized phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the use of plasma from convalescent patients with the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Available from who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=PER-060-20 (first received 21 September 2020).
RBR‐7jqpnw {published data only}
    1. RBR-7jqpnw. Effect of COVID-19 convalescent plasma produced by HEMOPE: a randomized study, with a comparative group in several centers. Available from ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-7jqpnw/ (first received 11 May 2020).

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