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. 2023 Apr 26;24(9):7870.
doi: 10.3390/ijms24097870.

Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in Momordica charantia

Nantana Nuchtavorn  1 , Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai  2 , Satsawat Visansirikul  1 , Somnuk Bunsupa  3
Affiliations

Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in Momordica charantia

Nantana Nuchtavorn et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Charantin is a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmastadienol glucosides, which effectively lowers high blood glucose. Novel molecularly imprinted polymers coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MIPs) and filter paper (paper@MIPs) were synthesized by sol-gel polymerization to selectively extract charantin. β-sitosterol glucoside was selected as a template for imprinting a specific recognition owing to its larger molecular surface area than that of 5,25-stigmastadienol glucoside. Factorial designs were used to examine the effects of the types of porogenic solvents and cross-linkers on the extraction efficiency and imprinting factor before investigating other factors (for example, amounts of template and coated MIPs, and types of substrates for MIP immobilization). Compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction, the optimal Fe3O4@MIP-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and paper@MIP extraction provided excellent extraction efficiency (87.5 ± 2.1% and 85.0 ± 2.9%, respectively) and selectivity. Charantin was well separated, and a new unidentified sterol glucoside was observed using the developed high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (Rs ≥ 2.0, n > 16,400). The developed methods were successfully utilized to extract and quantify charantin from M. charantia fruit powder and herbal products. Moreover, these methods are rapid (<10 min), inexpensive, simple, reproducible, and environmentally friendly.

Keywords: M. charantia; charantin; magnetic nanoparticles; molecularly imprinted polymers; paper-based devices.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Two- and three-dimensional structures of β-sitosterol glucoside and 5,25-stigmastedienol glucoside.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The overall method for MIPs optimization coupled with HPLC analysis of charantin in herbal products.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Chromatographic separation of charantin under optimal conditions: C18 column (length: 150 mm; diameter: 4.0 mm; particle size: 3 μm), injection volume of 20 μL, isocratic elution using ACN/water (80:20, v/v), flow rate 0.8 mL/min, oven temperature of 40 °C and detection wavelength of 204 nm and (b) mass spectra of charantin constituents.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect porogenic solvents and cross-linkers on the imprinting factor (IF) and extraction efficiency (EE) using multilevel categoric factorial models.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of template amount on the imprinting factor (IF) and extraction efficiency (EE).
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Scanning electron microscopy images of the cellulose filter paper and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) uncoated and coated with the non-molecularly imprinted polymers (NIPs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and (b) Fourier transform infrared spectra of the cellulose filter paper and Fe3O4 MNPs uncoated and coated with the NIPs and MIPs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Scanning electron microscopy images of the cellulose filter paper and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) uncoated and coated with the non-molecularly imprinted polymers (NIPs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and (b) Fourier transform infrared spectra of the cellulose filter paper and Fe3O4 MNPs uncoated and coated with the NIPs and MIPs.
Figure 7
Figure 7
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of charantin in herbal products using Fe3O4@MIPs as extraction sorbents.
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