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. 2023 Apr 24;16(9):3328.
doi: 10.3390/ma16093328.

Extractability of Rice Husk Waste Using Green Gamma Radiation for Dye Elimination in Laboratory-Scale Sorption System: Equilibrium Isotherm and Kinetic Analysis

Zakia Alhashem  1 , Ashraf H Farha  1   2 , Shehab A Mansour  3   4 , Maha A Tony  3   4
Affiliations

Extractability of Rice Husk Waste Using Green Gamma Radiation for Dye Elimination in Laboratory-Scale Sorption System: Equilibrium Isotherm and Kinetic Analysis

Zakia Alhashem et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Nowadays, the use of natural materials and especially "waste" valorization has evolved and attracted the wide attention of scientists and academia. In this regard, the use of rice husk (RH) powder as a naturally abundant and cheap byproduct material is gaining superior attention. However, improving the physicochemical properties of such RH is still under research. In the current investigation, the modification of rice husk (RH) via γ-irradiation has shown to be a promising green tool to meet such a need. Clean, prepared, powdered RH samples were subjected to various γ-radiation doses, namely 5, 10, 15 and 25 kGy, and the corresponding samples were named as RH-0, RH-5, RH-10, RH-15, RH-15 and RH-25. Then, the samples were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After irradiation, the samples showed an increase in their surface roughness upon increasing the γ-radiation up to 15 kGy. Furthermore, the sorption capacity of the irradiated RH samples was investigated for eliminating Urolene Blue (UB) dye as a model pharmaceutical effluent stream. The highest dye uptake was recorded as 14.7 mg/g, which corresponded to the RH-15. The adsorption operating parameters were also investigated for all of the studied systems and all adsorbents showed the same trend, of a superior adsorption capacity at pH 6.6 and high temperatures. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were also applied for UB adsorption and an adequate fitted isotherm model was linked with Langmuir fitting. Moreover, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best fit for the adsorption data. Experimental assays confirmed that the UB dye could be successfully eradicated feasibly from the aqueous stream via a sustainable green methodology.

Keywords: Urolene Blue dye; bioadsorbent rice husk; isotherm model; kinetics; radiation activation; γ-irradiation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 5
Figure 5
FTIR spectra for RH-0 and RH-15 samples.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the adsorption process of UB dye using RH.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FE-SEM micrograph images under 100× magnification: (a) RH-0 and (b) RH-10.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FE-SEM micrograph images with 1000× magnification for RH samples with various doses of γ-radiation: (a) RH-0, (b) RH-5, (c) RH-10, (d) RH-15 and (e) RH-25.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FE-SEM micrograph images with 5000× magnification for RH samples with various doses of γ-radiation: (a) RH-0, (b) RH-5, (c) RH-10, (d) RH-15 and (e) RH-25.
Figure 6
Figure 6
BET analysis of the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms for RH-0 and RH-15.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effects of RH and UB solution contact time on UB dye removal by various RH-based adsorbents (UB = 10 ppm, RH-dose = 0.05 g/L, pH 6.6 and T = 26 °C).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effects of UB concentration on the adsorption capacity (isotherm adsorption time = 30 min, RH-dose = 0.05 g/L, pH 6.6 and T = 26 °C).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Effects of RH dose on the adsorption capacity (isotherm adsorption time = 30 min, UB concentration = 10 ppm, pH 6.6 and T = 26 °C).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effects of pH on the adsorption capacity (isotherm adsorption time = 30 min, UB concentration = 10 ppm, RH-dose = 0.05 g/L and T = 26 °C).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Effects of temperature on the adsorption capacity (isotherm adsorption time = 30 min, UB concentration = 10 ppm, RH-dose = 0.05 g/L and pH 6.6).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Comparison of (a) Langmuir and (b) Freundlich models of UB removal on RH adsorbent capacity (adsorption time = 30 min, adsorbent dose = 0.05 g/L, pH 6.6).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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