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. 2023 May 5:2023:6297372.
doi: 10.1155/2023/6297372. eCollection 2023.

AZ63/Ti/Zr Nanocomposite for Bone-Related Biomedical Applications

T Sathish  1 , R Saravanan  1 , Sarange Shreepad  2 , T Amuthan  3 , J Immanuel Durai Raj  4 , Piyush Gaur  5 , V Vijayan  6 , S Rajkumar  7
Affiliations

AZ63/Ti/Zr Nanocomposite for Bone-Related Biomedical Applications

T Sathish et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Considering the unique properties of magnesium and its alloy, it has a vast demand in biomedical applications, particularly the implant material in tissue engineering due to its biodegradability. But the fixing spares must hold such implants till the end of the biodegradation of implant material. The composite technology will offer the added benefits of altering the material properties to match the requirements of the desired applications. Hence, this experimental investigation is aimed at developing a composite material for manufacturing fixing spares like a screw for implants in biomedical applications. The matrix of AZ63 magnesium alloy is reinforced with nanoparticles of zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) through the stir casting-type synthesis method. The samples were prepared with equal contributions of zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) nanoparticles in the total reinforcement percentage (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%). The corrosive and tribological studies were done. In the corrosive study, the process parameters like NaCl concentration, pH value, and exposure time were varied at three levels. In the wear study, the applied Load, speed of sliding, and the distance of the slide were considered at four levels. Taguchi analysis was employed in this investigation to optimize the reinforcement and independent factors to minimize the wear and corrosive losses. The minimum wear rate was achieved in the 12% reinforced sample with the input factor levels of 60 N of load on the pin, 1 m/s of disc speed at a sliding distance was 1500 m, and the 12% reinforce samples also recorded a minimum corrosive rate of 0.0076 mm/year at the operating environment of 5% NaCl-concentrated solution with the pH value of 9 for 24 hrs of exposure. The prediction model was developed based on the experimental results.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. This study was performed as a part of the authors' employment at Hawassa University, Ethiopia.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experiment flow diagram.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dry sliding wear test: (a) DUCOM wear test apparatus and (b) wear test specimens.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Salt spray test specimens.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Main effects plot for S/N ratios (wear test).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Normal probability plot for the wear test.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Pie chart for parameter contribution in the wear test.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Bar chart for comparing the experimental and predicted wear rate.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Parallel set plot: (a) reinforcement % vs. load; (b) load vs. disc speed; (c) disc speed vs. sliding distance; (d) sliding distance vs. reinforcement %.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Main effects plot for S/N ratios (corrosion rate).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Normal probability plot for corrosion rate.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Pie chart for parameter contribution in corrosion rate.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Bar chart for analysing experimental and predicted corrosion rate.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Heatmap plot: (a) reinforcement % vs. NaCl (%); (b) NaCl (%) vs. pH value; (c) pH value vs. exposure time; (d) exposure time vs. reinforcement %.
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References

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