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. 2023 Apr 25:18:101680.
doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101680. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Type 2 diabetes alters the viscoelastic behavior and macromolecular composition of vertebra

Deepak Mehta  1 , Praveer Sihota  1 , Kulbhushan Tikoo  2 , Sachin Kumar  1 , Navin Kumar  1
Affiliations

Type 2 diabetes alters the viscoelastic behavior and macromolecular composition of vertebra

Deepak Mehta et al. Bone Rep. .

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects the functional behavior of vertebra bone by altering its structural and mechanical properties. The vertebral bones are responsible to carry the body weight and it remains under prolonged constant load which results to viscoelastic deformation. The effect of T2D on the viscoelastic behavior of vertebral bone is not well explored yet. In this study, the effects of T2D on the creep and stress relaxation behavior of vertebral bone are investigated. Also, this study established a correlation between T2D associated alteration in macromolecular structure and viscoelastic behavior of vertebra. In this study T2D female rat SD model was used. The obtained results demonstrated a significant reduction in the amount of creep strain (p ≤ 0.05) and stress relaxation (p ≤ 0.01) in T2D specimens than the control. Also, the creep rate was found significantly lower in T2D specimens. On the other hand, molecular structural parameters such as mineral-to-matrix ratio (control vs T2D: 2.93 ± 0.78 vs 3.72 ± 0.53; p = 0.02), and non-enzymatic cross link ratio (NE-xL) (control vs T2D: 1.53 ± 0.07 vs 3.84 ± 0.20; p = 0.01) were found significantly altered in T2D specimens. Pearson linear correlation tests show a significant correlation; between creep rate and NE-xL (r = -0.94, p < 0.01), and between stress relaxation and NE-xL (r = -0.946, p < 0.01). Overall this study explored the understanding about the disease associated alteration in viscoelastic response of vertebra and its correlation with macromolecular composition which can help to understand the disease related impaired functioning of the vertebrae body.

Keywords: ATR-FTIR; Creep; Molecular structure; Stress relaxation; Vertebral body; XRD.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Unlabelled Image
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Representation of specimen cutting procedure.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(A) Demonstrates experimental setup (left side) and dimensions of specimen. (B) Input load steps (in subfigure) and output strain response of the specimen.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(A) Representative ATR-FTIR spectrum of vertebra specimen, (B) Representative amide-1 band with six sub peaks. These sub peaks were used to measure the molecular difference between control and T2D vertebra.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Creep-time curve for control and T2D specimens corresponding to (A) 2000 and (B) 4000 με initial applied strain. Note, these curve present the mean value of creep strain. (C) Comparison of creep ratio (ε(t)/ε(0)) between control and T2D specimens corresponding to 0.2 % (2000 με) and 0.4 % (4000 με). Note- p value <0.05 shows statistical significant difference.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
(A) Presents the trend of stress relaxation in control and T2D specimens. This graph presents mean value of normalized stress. (B) Comparison of amount of stress relaxation between control and T2D specimens.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Comparison of (A) mean crystal length and (B) mean crystal width between control and T2D vertebral specimens.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Correlation between (A) elastic modulus and matrix to mineral ratio, (B) log creep rate and non-enzymatic cross link (NE-xLR) and (C) residual strain and non-enzymatic cross link (NE-xLR).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Correlation between stress relaxation and non-enzymatic cross link (NE-xLR).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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