Dairy Milk Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Avengers Against Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Purpose of review: Metabolic syndrome is continuously increasing among the world's populations. Metabolic syndrome is a medical condition in which individuals suffer from high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels, and obesity. The in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of dairy milk protein-derived peptides (MPDP) have proven their potential as an excellent natural alternative to the current medical treatment for metabolic syndrome. In this context, the review discussed the major protein source of dairy milk and provides current knowledge on the novel and integrated approach to MPDP production. A detailed comprehensive discussion is provided on the current state of knowledge regarding the in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of MPDP against metabolic syndrome. In addition, the most important aspect of digestive stability, allergenicity, and further directions for MPDP application is provided.

Recent findings: The major proteins found in milk are casein and whey, while a minor portion of serum albumin and transferrin are reported. Upon gastrointestinal digestion or enzymatic hydrolysis, these proteins produce peptides with various biological activities including antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antihypercholesterolemic, which could help in ameliorating metabolic syndrome. Bioactive MPDP has the potential to curtail metabolic syndrome and potentially act as a safe replacement for chemical drugs with fewer side effects.

Keywords: Bioactivities; Dairy milk; Health benefits; Metabolic syndrome; Peptide; Protein.

Fig. 1

Overall constituent of dairy milk protein and peptide with its potential health protective activity

Fig. 2

The schematic diagram showing bioactive peptide production from cow and buffalo milk

Fig. 3

Digestive stability with various approaches to enhance stability of the milk-derived peptides (description: free form indicates the peptide solely without nano-carriers for delivery, whereas carrier-based indicates the peptide incorporated in the nano-carriers such as nano emulsion and liposomes)