Two-Dimensional Metal Halides for X-Ray Detection Applications

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising candidates for the next generation of X-ray detectors due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Especially, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites afford many distinct properties, including remarkable structural diversity, high generation energy, and balanced large exciton binding energy. With the advantages of 2D materials and perovskites, it successfully reduces the decomposition and phase transition of perovskite and effectively suppresses ion migration. Meanwhile, the existence of a high hydrophobic spacer can block water molecules, thus making 2D perovskite obtain excellent stability. All of these advantages have attracted much attention in the field of X-ray detection. This review introduces the classification of 2D halide perovskites, summarizes the synthesis technology and performance characteristics of 2D perovskite X-ray direct detector, and briefly discusses the application of 2D perovskite in scintillators. Finally, this review also emphasizes the key challenges faced by 2D perovskite X-ray detectors in practical application and presents our views on its future development.

Keywords: Charge transport; High stability; Ion migration; Two-dimensional perovskite; X-ray Detector.

Scheme 1

a Mechanism of indirect detectors and direct detectors for X-ray and particles; b Illustration of direct X-ray detection work; c Illustration of indirect X-ray detection work

Fig. 1

a n = 3 Schematic of crystal structure between RP phase, DJ phase, and ACI phase: (BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀; (3AMP) (MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀; and (GA)(MA)₃Pb₃I₁₀; Reproduced with permission [50]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society Publications; b Schematic diagram of the structure of 3D and 2D perovskites; c Quantum well structure of 2D perovskite; d Structural configuration of 2D double perovskite (BA)₂CsAgBiBr₇. Reproduced with permission [53]. Copyright 2019, Wiley–VCH Publications

Fig. 2

Methods for preparing 2D perovskite: a Photograph of (BDA)PbI₄ crystals grown by the temperature crystallization method; Reproduced with permission [61]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH Publications; b Schematic diagram of the process of growing (PEA)₂PbBr₄ single crystals by controlled evaporation; Reproduced with permission [62]. Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry; c Schematic diagram of the process of growing 2D (PEA)₂PbBr₄ perovskite single crystals by modified anti-solvent vapor crystallization method; Reproduced with permission [63]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society Publications; d Schematic diagram of the synthesis of large-area 2D BA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ (n = 3) perovskite single crystals by the space-constrained method; Reproduced with permission [64]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society Publications; e Optical image of the EDA(MA)₃Pb₄I₁₃ flexible film under mechanical bending. Reproduced with permission [69]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society Publications; f Images and SEM cross-section of the sintered MAPbI₃ wafer. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature Publications; g Schematic illustration of hot-casting process; Reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright 2022, Wiley–VCH Publications; h Schematic of the fabrication process of the perovskite thick film-based device through the low-temperature blade-coating method. Reproduced with permission [36]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH Publications

Fig. 3

a Optimized single crystal structure of (F-PEA)₂PbI₄; b Resistivity of (PEA)₂PbI₄ and (F-PEA)₂PbI₄ single crystals; Reproduced with permission [79]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH Publications; c AEIM of (o-F-PEA)₂PbI₄ with (PEA)₂PbI₄ calculated by DFT simulation; d Dark current measurements of (o-F-PEA)₂PbI₄ versus (PEA)₂PbI₄ (20 V, RH 60%); Reproduced with permission [91]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH Publications; e Schematic illustration of the p-i-n thin film X-ray detector based on (BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀; f J–V characteristics of (BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀ (red) and silicon (black) reference devices in the dark and under X-ray (10.91 keV) exposure; g X-ray response currents of (BA)₂(MA)₂Pb₃I₁₀ and silicon diode at various dose rates under zero bias conditions. Reproduced with permission [84]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fig. 4

a PDA- and BA-based charge transport between inorganic layers in 2D perovskites; Reproduced with permission [95]. Copyright 2018, Wiley–VCH Publications; b Schematic crystal structure of (MTEA)₂(MA)_n − 1Pb_nI_3n + 1. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature Publications; c Chemical structure of PEAI and 5FPEAI. Contact angle of perovskite films treated with and without 5FPEAI. Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society Publications; d Phase stability of CsPbI₃ in the presence and absence of EDAPbI₄; Reproduced with permission [105]. Copyright 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science; e Relationships between binding energy, band gap, formation energy, stability and dimensionality of low-dimensional perovskite. Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH Publications. f PL spectra of 3D/2D film at different intervals under 1 V µm⁻¹. Reproduced with permission [110]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH Publications; g Temporal baseline tracking of the detectors made of the control (MAPbI₃) and the double-layer perovskite film. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH Publications; h Schematic diagram of the device structure of 2D-3D perovskite-based X-ray detector. Reproduced with permission [113]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Inc Publications

Fig. 5

a Stability characterization of RL response of composite films at 40 kV. Reproduced with permission [114]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society Publications; b Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectrum of BA₂PbBr₄; c Radioluminescence spectrum (RL) of BA₂PbBr₄. Reproduced with permission [65]. Copyright 2022, The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Chinese Chemical Society; d Comparison of the X-ray scintillation light yield. Reproduced with permission [115]. Copyright 2022, Wiley–VCH Publications; e Schematic of the experimental setup for the X-ray imaging system using 1:1 Li-(PEA)₂PbBr₄ as a scintillator. Reproduced with permission [116]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature Publications