Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana: Process optimization by central composite design

Charles B Felix¹, Wei-Hsin Chen², Jo-Shu Chang³, Young-Kwon Park⁴, Samrand Saeidi⁵, Gopalakrishnan Kumar⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922, Manila, Philippines.
² Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan. Electronic address: weihsinchen@gmail.com.
³ Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁴ School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720, Rerrich Belater 1, Szeged, Hungary; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
⁶ Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.

PMID: 37211235
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129200

Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana: Process optimization by central composite design

Charles B Felix et al. Bioresour Technol. 2023 Aug.

. 2023 Aug:382:129200.

doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129200. Epub 2023 May 19.

Authors

Charles B Felix¹, Wei-Hsin Chen², Jo-Shu Chang³, Young-Kwon Park⁴, Samrand Saeidi⁵, Gopalakrishnan Kumar⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922, Manila, Philippines.
² Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan. Electronic address: weihsinchen@gmail.com.
³ Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁴ School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720, Rerrich Belater 1, Szeged, Hungary; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
⁶ Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway.

PMID: 37211235
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129200

Abstract

Microalgae are currently not viable as solid biofuels owing to their poor raw fuel properties. Torrefaction under oxidative media offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient process to address these drawbacks. A design of experiment was conducted using central composite design with three factors: temperature (200, 250, and 300 °C), time (10, 35, and 60 min), and O₂ concentration (3, 12, and 21 vol%). The responses were solid yield, energy yield, higher heating value, and onset temperatures at 50% and 90% carbon conversion determined from thermogravimetric analysis. Temperature and time significantly affected all responses, while O₂ concentration only affected higher heating value, energy yield and thermodegradation temperature at 90% conversion. Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae is recommended to be conducted at 200 °C, 10.6 min, 12% O₂ where the energy yield and enhancement factor are 98.73% and 1.08, respectively. It is also more reactive under an air environment compared to inert torrefaction conditions.

Keywords: Biochar; Bioenergy; Central composite design; Microalgae; Optimization; Oxidative torrefaction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana: Process optimization by central composite design

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Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana: Process optimization by central composite design

Authors

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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