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Review
. 2023 May 4:11:1141543.
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1141543. eCollection 2023.

Extracellular RNA in melanoma: Advances, challenges, and opportunities

Zhouxiao Li  1 , Yiyang Gao  2 , Yang Cao  2 , Feifan He  2 , Runyi Jiang  3 , Hanyuan Liu  4 , Hongzhou Cai  5 , Tao Zan  1
Affiliations
Review

Extracellular RNA in melanoma: Advances, challenges, and opportunities

Zhouxiao Li et al. Front Cell Dev Biol. .

Abstract

Melanoma, a malignant mass lesion that originates in melanocytes and has a high rate of malignancy, metastasis, and mortality, is defined by these characteristics. Malignant melanoma is a kind of highly malignant tumor that produces melanin and has a high mortality rate. Its incidence accounts for 1%-3% of all malignant tumors and shows an obvious upward trend. The discovery of biomolecules for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma has important application value. So far, the exact molecular mechanism of melanoma development relevant signal pathway still remains unclear. According to previous studies, extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) have been implicated in tumorigenesis and spread of melanoma. They can influence the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of melanoma by controlling the expression of target genes and can also influence tumor progression by participating in signal transduction mechanisms. Therefore, understanding the relationship between exRNA and malignant melanoma and targeting therapy is of positive significance for its prevention and treatment. In this review, we did an analysis of extracellular vesicles of melanoma which focused on the role of exRNAs (lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs) and identifies several potential therapeutic targets. In addition, we discuss the typical signaling pathways involved in exRNAs, advances in exRNA detection and how they affect the tumor immune microenvironment in melanoma.

Keywords: RNA; dermatology; exosomes; melanoma; tumor environment (TME).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Phosphatidylinositol-related signaling pathways and signaling pathways derived from RTKs make up the classical intracellular signaling pathway PI3K-AKT. In addition to stimulating insulin and maintaining cell viability, it also plays an important role in cell growth. Activation of calcium-regulated protein kinase II, which activates Ras, the protein kinase of ERKl2, is possible when calcium levels are high.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
ERK pathway. By regulating EphA4, MiR-106b-5p activates the pathway of ERK to promote the epithelial-tomesenchymal transitions, migration, invasion and adhesion of melanocytes.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
JAK/STAT pathway. An intracellular pathway (JAK/STAT) consists of a class of intracellular molecules (Janus Kinase) that respond to upstream receptor signals and the activated JAK catalyzes tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor by rapidly recruiting to the receptor and activating it. In addition to binding to the receptor molecule, phosphorylated tyrosine on it is a binding site for signaling molecules, such as SH2, that bind to the receptor and phosphorylate tyrosine, forming a dimer that enters the nucleus, and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription). Regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is mediated by interferon binding and activation of its receptor.
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