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. 2023 May 17:19:1195-1206.
doi: 10.2147/NDT.S407662. eCollection 2023.

Automatic Thoughts, Self-Stigma, and Resilience Among Schizophrenia Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

Shenglan Ma #  1   2   3 , Peijun Ju #  4 , Qingrong Xia  1   2   3 , Zhongde Pan  5 , Jianliang Gao  1   2   3 , Loufeng Zhang  1   2   3 , Hua Gao  1   2   3 , Junwei Yan  1   2   3 , Jie Zhang  1   2   3 , Keming Wang  1   2   3 , Chao Li  1   2   3 , Wen Xie #  1   2   3 , Cuizhen Zhu #  1   2   3
Affiliations

Automatic Thoughts, Self-Stigma, and Resilience Among Schizophrenia Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study

Shenglan Ma et al. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. .

Abstract

Purpose: The study aims to clarify the negative psychological state and resilience impairments of schizophrenia (SCZ) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) while evaluating their potential as risk factors.

Patients and methods: We recruited 143 individuals and divided them into three groups. Participants were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD)-24, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA)-14, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ), Stigma of Mental Illness scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Serum biochemical parameters were measured by automatic biochemistry analyzer.

Results: The score of ATQ was highest in the MetS group (F = 14.5, p < 0.001), and the total score of CD-RISC, subscale tenacity score and subscale strength score of CD-RISC were lowest in the MetS group (F = 8.54, p < 0.001; F = 5.79, p = 0.004; F = 10.9, p < 0.001). A stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that a negative correlation was observed among the ATQ with employment status, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and CD-RISC (β=-0.190, t=-2.297, p = 0.023; β=-0.278, t=-3.437, p = 0.001; β=-0.238, t=-2.904, p = 0.004). A positive correlation was observed among the ATQ with waist, TG, WBC, and stigma (β=0.271, t = 3.340, p = 0.001; β=0.283, t = 3.509, p = 0.001; β=0.231, t = 2.815, p = 0.006; β=0.251, t=-2.504, p = 0.014). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that among all independent predictors of ATQ, the TG, waist, HDL-C, CD-RISC, and stigma presented excellent specificity at 0.918, 0.852, 0.759, 0.633, and 0.605, respectively.

Conclusion: Results suggested that the non-MetS and MetS groups had grievous sense of stigma, particularly, high degree of ATQ and resilience impairment was shown by the MetS group. The TG, waist, HDL-C of metabolic parameters, CD-RISC, and stigma presented excellent specificity to predict ATQ, and the waist showed excellent specificity to predict low resilience level.

Keywords: negative symptoms; waist circumstance; years of education.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
ROC curve analysis was used to predict the psychological structure impairment of MetS groups by using dysbiosis of MetS parameters and demographic and clinical characteristics. (A) Independent risk factors used to predict stigma; (B) Independent risk factors used to predict ATQ; (C) lndependent risk factors used to predict CD-RISC.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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