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. 2023 Aug;43(4):252-261.
doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2212. Epub 2023 May 23.

Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD)

Arianna Cardella  1   2 , Giuseppe Riva  3 , Andrea Preti  1 , Andrea Albera  3 , Livio Luzi  2   4 , Roberto Albera  3 , Davide Cadei  1 , Gian Marco Motatto  3 , Filippo Omenetti  1 , Giancarlo Pecorari  3 , Francesco Ottaviani  1   5 , Francesco Mozzanica  1   5
Affiliations

Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD)

Arianna Cardella et al. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2023 Aug.

Abstract
in English, Italian

Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD).

Methods: The study consisted of six phases: item generation, reliability analysis (112 dysosmic patients for internal consistency analysis and 61 for test-retest reliability analysis), normative data generation (303 normosmic subjects), validity analysis (comparison of Brief-IT-QOD scores of healthy and dysosmic subjects and scores correlation with psychophysical olfactory testing TDI and SNOT-22 scores), responsiveness analysis (10 dysosmic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps patients before and after biologic therapy), and cut-off value determination (ROC curve analysis of Brief-IT-QOD sensitivity and specificity).

Results: All subjects completed the Brief-IT-QOD. Internal consistency (α > 0.70) and test-retest reliability (ICC > 0.7) were acceptable and satisfactory for both questionnaire subscales. A significant difference between dysosmic and control subjects was found in both subscales (p < 0.05). Significant correlations between subscales scores and TDI and SNOT-22 scores were observed. Brief-IT-QOD scores before treatment were significantly higher than after biological therapy.

Conclusions: Brief-IT-QOD is reliable, valid, responsive to changes in QoL, and recommended for clinical practice and outcome research.

Versione italiana del brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD).

Obiettivo: Valutare affidabilità e validità della versione italiana del Questionario Breve dei Disordini Olfattivi (Brief-IT-QOD).

Metodi: Lo studio è stato composto da sei fasi: generazione del questionario, analisi di affidabilità (112 pazienti disosmici per la consistenza interna e 61 per l’affidabilità test-retest), generazione di dati normativi (303 soggetti normosmici), analisi di validità (comparazione dei punteggi Brief-IT-QOD di pazienti e controlli e correlazione con valutazione olfattoria psicofisica TDI e punteggio SNOT-22), analisi di responsività (10 pazienti disosmici con rinosinusite cronica poliposica prima e dopo terapia biologica), e determinazione di valori soglia.

Risultati: Tutti i soggetti hanno completato il Brief-IT-QOD. Consistenza interna (α > 0,70) e affidabilità test-retest (ICC > 0,7) erano soddisfacenti per entrambe le sottoscale del questionario. In entrambe le componenti è stata rilevata una differenza significativa (p < 0,05) fra individui disosmici e normosmici. Sono emerse correlazioni significative fra i punteggi delle sottoscale e i punteggi TDI e SNOT-22. I punteggi al Brief-IT-QOD erano significativamente più alti prima della terapia con farmaco biologico.

Conclusioni: Il Brief-IT-QOD è affidabile, valido, responsivo ai cambiamenti nella qualità di vita e raccomandato per pratica clinica e ricerca.

Keywords: olfaction disorders; quality of life; questionnaire.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Correlation between the Parosmia subscale (QOD-P) scores of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD) and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22). Tendency line with the correlation coefficient is also reported.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Correlation between the Negative Statement subscale (QOD-NS) scores of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD) and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22). Tendency line with the correlation coefficient is also reported.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Correlation between the Parosmia subscale (QOD-P) scores of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD) and the extended version of the Sniffing test scores (TDI). Tendency line with the correlation coefficient is also reported.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Correlation between the Negative Statement subscale (QOD-NS) scores of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD) and the extended version of the Sniffing test scores (TDI). Tendency line with the correlation coefficient is also reported.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
ROC curves of the Parosmia subscale (P-QOD) and Negative Statement subscale (NS-QOD) of the Italian version of the Brief Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (Brief-IT-QOD) and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22).
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