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. 2023 Apr 28;21(5):278.
doi: 10.3390/md21050278.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, Pigment Content, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Potential and GC-MS Metabolite Profiling of Green Seaweed Caulerpa racemosa

Sivagaami Palaniyappan  1 , Arun Sridhar  2 , Zulhisyam Abdul Kari  3   4 , Guillermo Téllez-Isaías  5 , Thirumurugan Ramasamy  1
Affiliations

Evaluation of Phytochemical Screening, Pigment Content, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial Potential and GC-MS Metabolite Profiling of Green Seaweed Caulerpa racemosa

Sivagaami Palaniyappan et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Exploration of seaweeds to unravel their bioactive metabolites from the perspective of wider applications gained substantial importance. The present study was performed to investigate the total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin content, antioxidant activity and antibacterial potential of various solvent extracts of green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa. The methanolic extract showed higher phenolic (11.99 ± 0.48 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), tannin (18.59 ± 0.54 mg tannic acid equivalents/g) and flavonoid (33.17 ± 0.76 mg quercetin equivalents/g) content than other extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay with different concentrations of C. racemosa extracts. The methanolic extract showed higher scavenging potential in both the DPPH and ABTS activity with the inhibition value of 54.21 ± 1.39% and 76.62 ± 1.08%, respectively. Bioactive profiling was also identified by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques. These studies revealed the presence of valuable bioactive compounds in C. racemosa extracts and these compounds might be responsible for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-mutagenic properties. Major compounds identified in GC-MS were 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3-hexadecene and Phthalic acid. In terms of antibacterial activity, C. racemosa has promising antibacterial potential against aquatic pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas salmonicida. Further evaluation studies focusing aquatic related aspects would reveal the novel bioproperties and applications of C. racemosa.

Keywords: GC-MS; antibacterial activity; antioxidant activity; bioactive compounds; seaweed.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pigments content of collected green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FT-IR spectrum of various extracts of Caulerpa racemosa.
Figure 3
Figure 3
GC-MS chromatogram of various extracts of Caulerpa racemosa.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Quantitative analysis of (A) total phenolic content, (B) total tannin content and (C) total flavonoid content of Caulerpa racemosa extracts.
Figure 5
Figure 5
DPPH radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Caulerpa racemosa. Bars represent the mean ± standard deviation. Asterisks denote the significant difference between the Caulerpa racemosa extracts and the standard (Vitamin C).
Figure 6
Figure 6
ABTS radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Caulerpa racemosa. Bars represent the mean ± standard deviation. Asterisk denotes the significant difference between the Caulerpa racemosa extracts and the standard (Vitamin C).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Sample (Caulerpa racemosa) collection site mapping.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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