Priorities and Challenges in Methodology for Human Health Risk Assessment from Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals

Abstract

This paper reviews key elements in the assessment of human health effects from combined exposure to multiple chemicals taking into consideration current knowledge and challenges to identify areas where scientific advancement is mostly needed and proposes a decision-making scheme on the basis of existing methods and tools. The assumption of dose addition and estimation of the hazard index (HI) is considered as a starting point in component-based risk assessments. When, based on the generic HI approach, an unacceptable risk is identified, more specific risk assessment options may be implemented sequentially or in parallel depending on problem formulation, characteristics of the chemical group under assessment, exposure levels, data availability and resources. For prospective risk assessments, the reference point index/margin of exposure (RPI/MOET) (Option 1) or modified RPI/normalized MOET (mRPI/nMOET) (Option 2) approaches may be implemented focusing on the specific mixture effect. Relative potency factors (RPFs) may also be used in the RPI approach since a common uncertainty factor for each mixture component is introduced in the assessment. Increased specificity in the risk assessment may also be achieved when exposure of selected population groups is considered (Option 3/exposure). For retrospective risk assessments, human biomonitoring data available for vulnerable population groups (Option 3/susceptibility) may present more focused scenarios for consideration in human health risk management decisions. In data-poor situations, the option of using the mixture assessment factor (MAF) is proposed (Option 4), where an additional uncertainty factor is applied on each mixture component prior to estimating the HI. The magnitude of the MAF may be determined by the number of mixture components, their individual potencies and their proportions in the mixture, as previously reported. It is acknowledged that implementation of currently available methods and tools for human health risk assessment from combined exposure to multiple chemicals by risk assessors will be enhanced by ongoing scientific developments on new approach methodologies (NAMs), integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA), uncertainty analysis tools, data sharing platforms, risk assessment software as well as guideline development to meet legislative requirements.

Keywords: chemical mixture; combined exposure; cumulative risk; human risk assessment; risk assessment methodology.

Figure 1

Grouping methodology developed by EFSA [82]. CAG: cumulative assessment group, CRA: cumulative risk assessment.

Figure 2

Proposed scheme for the assessment of human health risk from combined exposure to multiple chemicals based on currently available methodologies and options. HBGV: Health-Based Guidance Value, RQ = Risk Quotient, RQi: Risk Quotient for individual mixture components, mRQ: mitigated Risk Quotient, RQSum: Risk Quotient for the mixture, n = number of mixture components, i = a mixture component, HI: Hazard Index, RPI: Reference Point Index, mRPI: modified Reference Point Index, MOET: Margin Of Exposure Total (combined), HBM-GVspecific: Human BioMonitoring—Guidance Value for specific population group, MAF: Mixture Allocation Factor, RQSUM(MAF): Risk Quotient for the mixture adjusted using MAF. α: [111]; β: [112]; γ: [36]; δ: [37]; ε: [113], ζ: [114]; η: [115]; θ: [116].