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Review
. 2023 May 22;16(5):776.
doi: 10.3390/ph16050776.

Carboxymethylated Gums and Derivatization: Strategies and Significance in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

Madhuri Baghel  1 , Kalyani Sakure  2 , Tapan Kumar Giri  3 , Sabyasachi Maiti  4 , Kartik T Nakhate  5 , Shreesh Ojha  6 , Charu Sharma  7 , Yogeeta Agrawal  8 , Sameer Goyal  5 , Hemant Badwaik  1
Affiliations
Review

Carboxymethylated Gums and Derivatization: Strategies and Significance in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering

Madhuri Baghel et al. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). .

Abstract

Natural polysaccharides have been widely exploited in drug delivery and tissue engineering research. They exhibit excellent biocompatibility and fewer adverse effects; however, it is challenging to assess their bioactivities to that of manufactured synthetics because of their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics. Studies showed that the carboxymethylation of polysaccharides considerably increases the aqueous solubility and bioactivities of inherent polysaccharides and offers structural diversity, but it also has some limitations that can be resolved by derivatization or the grafting of carboxymethylated gums. The swelling ratio, flocculation capacity, viscosity, partition coefficient, metal absorption properties, and thermosensitivity of natural polysaccharides have been improved as a result of these changes. In order to create better and functionally enhanced polysaccharides, researchers have modified the structures and properties of carboxymethylated gums. This review summarizes the various ways of modifying carboxymethylated gums, explores the impact that molecular modifications have on their physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities, and sheds light on various applications for the derivatives of carboxymethylated polysaccharides.

Keywords: carboxymethylated gums; derivatization; drug delivery; tissue engineering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
2-Acrylamidoglycholic acid graft partially copolymerized carboxymethylated guar gum. Reproduced with permission from [58]. Copyright© 2011, Elsevier Ltd.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Proposed mechanism for synthesis of CM-TG-GA. Reproduced from [79]. Copyright© 2021, Yahya Bachra et al.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mechanisms of CM-CGS–genipin cross-linking. Reproduced with permission from [87]. Copyright© 2014, Elsevier Ltd.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Illustration of the production of CM-GG from guar gum; (b) CM-GG-g-PEI synthesis mechanism; (c) polymer–pDNA complex preparation; (d) schematic illustration of encapsulation of the polymer/DNA complex. Reproduced with permission from [90]. Copyright© 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chitosan modification and production of the TGA-CM-CH-CD polymer. Reproduced with permission from [100]. Copyright© 2013, Springer Science Business Media, New York.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic presentation of HEMA-grafted CMG (wrapping over the anisotropic MW-CNT units to produce an effective encapsulate for the drug and ensure its steady release over a prolonged time). Reproduced with permission from [111]. Copyright© 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 7
Figure 7
TEM images of blank and modified konjac glucomannan NPs and respective OVA-loaded NPs: (a) blank CM-KGM/Q-KGM/OVA NPs; (b) blank TPP/Q-KGM NPs; (c) TPP/Q-KGM/OVA NPs; (d) image of various kinds of NPs; (e) the schematic illustration of various kinds of NPs. Reproduced with permission from [101]. Copyright© 2018, Springer Science Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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